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Plant Taxonomy > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plant?

A

it has flagella, starch, and chlorophyll

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classification and nomenclature

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3
Q

What is systematics?

A

taxonomy and phylogeny

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4
Q

What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?

A

systematics is more concerned with evolutionary history and diversification of species (through the lens of phylogeny) and taxonomy is more concerned with nomenclature and arranging species based on characteristics

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5
Q

What are the goals of plant taxonomy?

A
  • Description
  • Identification
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
  • Phylogeny
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6
Q

Utilitarian classification

A

based on how the plants are used, can change over time

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7
Q

Cladistics/Phylogenetics

A

species form lineages of related organisms, assume similarities in closely related groups are due to common ancestry

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

a basic grouping of organisms

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9
Q

How are species formed?

A

speciation- isolation of populations, divergence in traits, reproductive isolation

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10
Q

What are the forces of evolution?

A

mutation, gene flow/migration, genetic drift, natural selection

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11
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

giving names to taxa

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12
Q

What are the scientific naming conventions in botany?

A

binomical nomenclature: genus + specific epithet

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13
Q

How can we use herbaria?

A

document variation, ecological info, genetic info, chemical composition,

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14
Q

What are the characters shared between all green plants?

A

chlorophyll, flagella, starch

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15
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants?

A

green algae

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16
Q

stomata are shared by _________

A

mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants

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17
Q

What are the challenges of land for plants?

A

resource availability, reproduction challenges, water availability, unstable climates/ environmental stress, light availability and intensity, competition, herbivory

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18
Q

What are the characteristic traits of non-vascular plants?

A
  • multicellular sporophyte
  • embryo
  • gametangia
  • sporangium
  • cuticle
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19
Q

What are the characteristic traits of vascular plants?

A
  • vascular tissue
  • xylem with tracheids
  • lignin
  • elaborated and dominant sporophyte stage
  • reduced gametophyte stage
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20
Q

How is bark produced?

A

the vascular cambium

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21
Q

How is wood produced?

A

from the secondary xylem, wood is everything from the vascular cambium in

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22
Q

When did heterospory evolve?

A

Once in the lycophytes, then again in spermatophytes

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23
Q

When did seeds evolve?

A

370 MYA

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24
Q

What are the characteristic traits of gymnosperms?

A
  • wood and cambium
  • periderm (outer layer of bark) production via cork cambium
  • axillary branching
  • heterospory
  • seeds
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25
What are the components of a seed?
seed coat (integument), nutritive tissue, embryo
26
Which order had both conifer and angiosperm characters? What are they?
- Gnetales - confier character: seeds not enclosed in an ovary - angiosperm characters: wood vessels, double fertilization, flower-like structures
27
What are the characteristic traits of angiosperms?
- diverse, monopyletic lineage - whole genome duplication (polyploidy) - flowers - reduced male and female gametophytes - double fert - xylem and phloem
28
What is a flower?
reproductive structure
29
Natural Classification
related plants are grouped together by some trait, based on individual experience, each character has the same weight
30
Characters/traits used in phylogenetics
morphological, anatomical, chemical, molecular, life history traits
31
homologous structure
common origin, different function (ex: leaves)
32
analagous structure
similar function, different origin (ex: sweet potatoes and potatoes)
33
molecular systematics
the use of DNA or RNA to study the phylogenetic relationships among organisms
34
what are the 3 genomes in a plant cell?
chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus
35
What are the methods of making trees?
algorithmic method and optimality criterion
36
biological species concept
members of a populations can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
37
taxonomic/phenetic species concept
overall phenotypic similarities and these organisms look different from others
38
ecological species concept
members of a population occupy the same niche or habitat
39
what is evolution?
descent with modification, change in allele frequency
40
what are the advantages of alternation of generations?
increased spore production allows more spores than a single zygote, being diploid prevents expression of deleterious genes and increases diversity
41
What is oogamy and when did it arise?
retention of egg cells, starts in the bryophytes
42
antheridium
male gametangium containing sperm cells
43
archegonium
female gametangium containing the egg
44
What is the defining feature of liverworts?
gemma cups for asexual reproduction
45
Xylem
- transports water and minerals - lignified cell walls for sturcture - dead at maturity
46
Phloem
- transports sugars from leaves - cells are alive, but with companion cells that store the nucleus
47
Purpose of lignified secondary cell walls
increase rigidity, waterproof, don't rot easily
48
Bryophytes don't have roots, they have __________
rhizoids
49
What ploidy are sporophytes?
2n
50
Lycophytes
- "fern allies" - dichotomously branching root systems - microphylls - heterospory
51
Pseudomonopodial growth
main axis and side branches, sporangia on the end of lateral branches
52
Euphylls
megaphylls formed from flattened branches, has a leaf gap of interrupted vascular tissue
53
What traits are special about the Psilotaceae family?
no roots, 2 or 3 lobed sporangia
54
What are sporophores and what family are they found in?
distinct part of the leaf that produce sporangia (squidward hands), Ophioglossaceae
55
What traits are special about the Equistaceae family?
whorled leaves, hollowed stem
56
rhizome
horizontal stem that runs underground
57
Characteristics of leptosporangiate ferns
- rhizome - leaves called fronds - sori with indusia
58
What does a leptosporangium do?
flings out mature spores
59
Sori
clusters of leptosporangium
60
indusium
covering for sori
61
Eustele
vascular bundle arrangement in the stems
62
Sclerenchyma
cells with lignified secondary cells walls, provide support, dead at maturity, fond in xylem, wood, bark, and seed coat
63
vascular cambium
produces secondary xylem inside (more) and secondary phloem on the outside
64
cork cambium
special cells that differentiate into cork
65
cork
water resistant, think layer of cells protect the delicate vascular cambium and secondary phloem
66
axillary branching
new shoots can emerge from the axillary buds
67
components of a seed
seed coat, nutritive tissue, embryo
68
what is the nutritive tissue in a seed made of?
the tissue of the female gametophyte
69
micropyle
an opening in the megasporangium that secretes accepts pollen, and secretes a pollination droplet in some cases
70
Corraloid roots with N fixing bacteria can be found in _____________.
cycadophytes
71
What are cones?
a way of housing spores, modified leaves
72
what are the 5 derived traits of seed plants?
seeds, reduced gametophyte, ovule, heterospory, pollen
73
stamen
modified leaf with microsporangia
74
carpel
modified conduplicate leaf with ovules
75
androecium
- stamen with filament and anther - microsporangia
76
gynoecium
- carpel with ovary that encloses ovule - elongated style - stigma recieves pollen
77
ovule
organ that forms seeds, megagametophyte
78
Angiosperm vessels
- xylem with perforation plates that stack, more efficient than tracheids - more complex phloem with sieve plates
79
Complete flower
androecium + gynoecium + perianth
80
incomplete flower
missing one or more element of a complete flower
81
bisexual/ perfect flower
has the androecium and gynoecium
82
unisexual/ imperfect flower
only one reproductive structure (androecium or gynoecium)

Plant Taxonomy (3 decks)

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