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Genetics > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Pink flower
1:2:1

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2
Q

Overdominance

A

Heterozygote does better
Sickle cell

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3
Q

3 explanations for overdominance

A

Disease resistance
Homodimer formation
Variation in functional activity

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4
Q

Codominance

A

Blood types
IA and IB expressed in heterozygote

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5
Q

Codominance vs. incomplete dominance

A

Incomplete: pink flower
codominance: white flower with red spots

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6
Q

Sex influenced

A

Heterozygotes
Allele is dominant in one gender, recessive in the other
AUTOSOMAL

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7
Q

Sex limited traits

A

Only occurs in one of two sexes
Same genotype, only expressed in one gene
Ovaries vs. testes

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8
Q

Lethal alleles

A

Inherited recessively
absence of essential gene
Manx gene

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9
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

Dominant allele is present, phenotype not shown

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10
Q

Variable expressivity

A

High expressivity: more fingers
Low expressivity: less fingers

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11
Q

Complementation

A

Producing a WT flower with two mutant flowers because they both have one set of recessive alleles
(CCpp x ccPP)

Each recessive allele is complemented by a dominant allele
- indicates that recessive alleles are in different genes

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12
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene can mask or override the other
one dominant gene of each allele is needed for WT

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13
Q

Duplicate recessive epistasis

A

9:7

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14
Q

Recessive epistasis

A

9:4:3

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15
Q

What is unique in epistasis

A

Intermediate

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16
Q

Dominant epistasis

A

12:3:1

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17
Q

Gene redundancy

A

Knocking a gene out won’t affect phenotype because another copy can compensate

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18
Q

Which arm of chromosome is on top

A

p arm

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19
Q

Microsatellite vs minisatellite

A

Mini: longer repeats
Micro: shorter repeats (STR)

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20
Q

in RFLP, heterozygotes have how many bands

A

3

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21
Q

in RFLP, aa has how many bands

A

1

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22
Q

In RFLP, AA has how many bands

A

2

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23
Q

What are less common than SNPs

A

Microsatellites

24
Q

If 2 homologs carry different number of repeats

A

2 bands

25
Q

If 2 homologs carry same number of repeats

A

1 band

26
Q

Euploidy

A

Changes in sets of chromosomes

27
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Changes in number of chromosomes within a set

28
Q

Monosomics are

A

not viable

29
Q

Trisomics are

A

Viable

30
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau

31
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward

32
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome

33
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter

34
Q

XYY

A

Jacobs

35
Q

XXX

A

Triple X

36
Q

X0

A

Turner

37
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes dont split equally in meiosis

38
Q

Complete nondisjunction

A

All chromosomes
1 diploid, 1 without chromosomes

39
Q

Meiosis I nondisjunction

A

All are abnormal
X and Y separate

40
Q

Meiosis II nondisjunction

A

2 are normal, 2 are abnormal
X or Y replicates

41
Q

Polyploidy

A

more than 2 chromosome sets

42
Q

Odd number of polypoidy

A

Sterile

43
Q

Even number of polyploidy

A

Fertile

44
Q

Autoploidy

A

Chromosomes from the same species
complete nodisjunction

45
Q

Alloploidy

A

Chromosomes from different species
Hybrid is sterile

46
Q

One crossover, outside inversion

A

All viable, 1/2 recombinant

47
Q

One crossover, inside inversion

A

1/2 inviable, 1/2 parental

48
Q

Two crossovers, all 4 chromosomes, both inside

A

All inviable

49
Q

Two crossovers, 2 same pairs, both inside

A

All viable, 1/2 recombinant

50
Q

Two crossovers, 2 same pairs, 1 inside/1 outside

A

1/2 inviable, 1/2 parental

51
Q

Two crossovers, 4 chromosomes, 1 inside/1 outside

A

1/2 inviable, 1/2 recombinant

52
Q

Paralogs

A

homologs from one species, similar but distinct
Hemoglobin

53
Q

Pericentric does what to gene

A

Inactivates
Just deletions
Includes centromere

54
Q

Paracentric does what to gene

A

Changes expression
duplications and deletions
doesn’t include centromere

55
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

Reciprocal translocation near centromeres
Down syndrome has 46
Carrier has 45

56
Q
A

Genetics (5 decks)

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