Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Chapter 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which generation is allowed to self-fertilize

A

F1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

F2 generation possessed what ration

A

9:3:3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how to do multiplication method

A

Multiply 3 outcomes together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Multiplication method

A

Outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fork line

A

Probablities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to do fork line method

A

Multiply probabilities of each phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pedigree purpose

A

Inheritance patters in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Probability equation

A

Number of times an outcome occurs/ total number of possible outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The accuracy of probability calculation is determined by

A

sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Product rule

A

Probability that two or more independent events will occur = product of individual properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Binomial expansion equation

A

Probability of an unordered combination of outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is binary fission

A

Forming a wall down center of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is result of binary fission

A

Two daughter cells that are genetically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Majority of eukaryotic cells are

A

Diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Homologous chromosomes have a similar sequence and genes, but different _____

A

Alleles of the genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which chromosomes are not homologous

A

sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genes on homologous chromosomes also have the same

A

Locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What phases are interphase

A

G1, S, G2, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interphase

A

Duplicated chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatids formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear membrane fragmented and chromatids attach to mitotic spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Telophase

A

Cleavage furrow formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Isagamous organisms

A

Fungi, algae
Produces gametes that are similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Heterogamous organisms

A

Produce gametes that are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spermatogenesis produces

A

4 haploid sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Oogenesis produces

A

1 single haploid egg cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does oogenia do

A

Begins meiosis, arrests at prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does division of oocyte happen

A

splits asymmetrically
Larger cell is secondary oocyte, released during ovulation
If it’s fertilized, it does meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Chromosomes contain genetic material
Chromosomes are replicated and passed down from generation to generation
Nuclei of most eukaryotic cells are diploid
During formation of haploid cells, chromosomes segregaed independently
One set of chromosomes is inherited from father, other set from mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Maternal effect genes

A

Genotype of mother determines phenotype of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What surrounds oocytes

A

Nurse cells - transports gene product into oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

If DD or Dd is released in oocyte

A

Dextral coiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

If dd is released in oocyte

A

sinistral coiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

modification to nuclear gene that alters expression
Gene expression is not permanently changed over generations
It IS permanently changed in the individual for their life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Epigenetic modifications do NOT change

A

DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Barr body

A

highly condensed inactive x chromosome structure in the interphase nuclei of somatic cells in female cats that was not found in male cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when does X chromosome become inactivated

A

Randomly, early stage of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Mammalian cells can count their C chromosome in their somatic cells and allow

A

one of them to remain active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

If a mammal has more than two X chromosomes

A

All but one will be deactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does X inactivation happen

A

X inactivation center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Initiation phase

A

Embryonic development
One X chromosome remains active, other is inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Spreading phase

A

Begins from Xic and spreads outwards towards both ends until entire chromosome is inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Maintenance phase

A

Inactivated X chromosome remains as a Barr body
When cell divides, barr body is replicated, both copies remain compacted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Genetic imprimting

A

A segment of DNA is marked, mark is retained and recognized throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What phenotype follows non-mendelian inheritance

A

imprinted genes phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Monoallelic expression

A

Offspring will express one of two alleles due to marking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Genomic imprinting involves

A

DNA methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How are genes imprinted through DNA methylation

A

Imprinting control region (ICR) is located near imprinting gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Gene imprinting disorders

A

Prader Willi, Angelman syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Prader willi and Angelman are due to a deletion on

A

Chromosome 15

51
Q

In eukaryotic species, genetic material in organelles is inherited by

A

Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance

52
Q

What does not display a mendelian pattern

A

Inheritance of extranuclear genetic material

53
Q

Maternal inheritance is due to the fact that mitochondria/chloroplasts are inherited only through

A

Cytoplasm of the egg

54
Q

Heteroplasmid

A

When a cell contains mitochondria or chloroplasts that differ in their strains

55
Q

Genetic diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations

A

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Neurogenic muscle weakness
Mitochondrial myopathy
Maternal myopathy and cardiomyopathy

56
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont actually lives inside the cell

57
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

the ancient origin of chloroplasts was initiated when a cyanobacterium took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell

58
Q

Genetic linkage

A

Two genes that are located on the same chromosome closely

59
Q

Chromosomes are often called

A

linkage groups

60
Q

How many autosomal linkage groups in humans

A

22

61
Q

What are recombinant cells called

A

Nonparental

62
Q

Which genes are more likely to cross over

A

Genes that are far apart

63
Q

The more nonparental offspring present, the more

A

Further apart the genes

64
Q

Genetic mapping determines

A

the linear order and distance of separation among genes that are linked to each other on the same chromosome

65
Q

Crossing over can separate

A

Alleles found at different loci

66
Q

What two individuals do testcrosses use

A

One that is heterozygous, another that is homozygous recessive

67
Q

Nonrecombinant offspring have the same alleles as

A

ONE of the parents

68
Q

_____ offspring are typically fewer than ___

A

Recombinant, nonrecombinant

69
Q

Map distance

A

Number of recombinant/total number of offspring x 100

70
Q

One map unit equals

A

1% recombination frequency

71
Q

Three factor cross is used for

A

The map distance and order of genes on a chromosome

72
Q

Probability of a double crossover in a trihydbrid cross =

A

Product of the recombination frequency between genes

73
Q

Positive interference

A

the occurrence of a crossover in one region of a chromosome decreases the probability that a second crossover will occur nearby

74
Q

Coincidence equation

A

Observed number of double cross overs/ expected number of double cross overs = C

75
Q

Interference equation

A

I = 1-O/E (C)

76
Q

What does it mean if interference is positive

A

A decrease in the observed number of double cross overs compared to expected

77
Q

Twin spots

A

Two adjacent regions that are phenotypically different from each other and the rest of the body

78
Q

Twin spotting is due to

A

Mitotic recombination

79
Q

Conjugation

A

Direct physical contact between bacteria

80
Q

Transduction

A

Virus is a carrier between two bacteria

81
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria takes up genetic information from environment

82
Q

Auxotroph

A

Strain that lacks genes necessary to synthesize nutritional requirements

83
Q

Prototroph

A

Can synthesize nutritional requirements, does not need nutrition from outside

84
Q

Donor strains contain

A

Fertility factor on circular DNA
Allows conjugation

85
Q

F factors may be transferred to a conjugation-defective cell, making it

A

A donor cell

86
Q

Step 1 of conjugation

A

Donor cell creates pilus from pilin protein
Pilus is attachment site
Pili shortens, brings bacteria closs together

87
Q

Step 2 of conjugation

A

Donor cell produces relaxome
Relaxome first recognizes origin of transfer on F factor

88
Q

Step 3 of conjugation

A

Relaxome cuts DNA, creates T DNA and separates it from original strand

89
Q

Step 4 of conjugation

A

Relaxome is released but relaxase remains bound to T DNA

This complex is called nucleoprotein

90
Q

Step 5 of conjugation

A

Nucleoprotein is exported from donor cell with help from coupling factor

91
Q

Step 6 of conjugation

A

Exporter sends nucleoprotein through pilus into recipient cell

92
Q

Step 7 of conjugation

A

Dna replication restores T DNA to double stranded

93
Q

Circular extrchromosomal DNA

A

plasmids

94
Q

episomes

A

Plasmids that can integrate into bacterial chromosomes

95
Q

What plasmids allow bacterial conjugation

A

Fertility

96
Q

Hfr

A

High frequency of recombination

97
Q

Hfr can transmit pieces of chromosome to

A

F- (recipient) cells

98
Q

One of the DNA strands are ____ at the origin of transfer
This is a starting point for material that will enter F- cell

A

nicked

99
Q

Chromosomal DNA enters into the F- cell in a ____ manner

A

linear

100
Q

F’ factor

A

F+ factors that contain a few genes from bacterial chromosome

101
Q

A blender can be used to

A

Interrupt conjugation without harming the bacteria

102
Q

What does it mean if the E.coli genetic map is 100 minutes long

A

The amount of time it takes for an entire chromosome to be transferred during Hfr mating

103
Q

What is bacteriophage surrounded by

A

Protein coat surrounds genetic material

104
Q

Virulent phages enter directly in ____ phase of bacteriophage

A

lytic

105
Q

Temperate phages enter into ____ pahse

A

Lysogenic

106
Q

The integrated form of a temperate phage is called

A

prophage, when activated it’ll enter into the lytic cycle

107
Q

What kind of DNA do bacteria take from environment

A

DNA of dead bacteria

108
Q

Competent cells

A

bacterial that can take up DNA from the environment

109
Q

What cuts the DNA that attached to a competent bacteria

A

Extracellular endonuclease

110
Q

What transports the DNA into the competent cell

A

Uptake system

111
Q

The DNA aligns itself with _______ in the competent bacteria

A

homologous region

112
Q

Competence stimulating peptide

A

Activates competency genes in cells that are close in proximity

113
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genes between two species

114
Q

Transmission of genes from mother to daughter cells

A

Vertical gene transfer

115
Q

Mitosis

A

Single cells divide into two identical daughter cells

116
Q

Meiosis

A

Single cells divides to make 4 haploid cells

117
Q

Conjugation, transformation and transduction are forms of

A

Horizontal gene transfer

118
Q

Horizontal gene transfer occurs between

A

Members of the same species AND of the different species

119
Q

Where does independent assortment occur

A

Metaphase I,

120
Q

Where does equal segregation occur

A

Anaphase I

121
Q

Law of segregation

A

The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

122
Q

Metaphase

A

When chromosomes line up

123
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids pulled apart

124
Q
A

Genetics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions