Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What is motivation?
the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
What are the elements of motivation?
- Intensity (how hard you try)
- Direction (is your intent helpful)
- Persistence (how long can you maintain it)
What are the levels of Maslows Hierarchy of needs?
- Psychological needs
- safety needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization needs
What is the self efficacy theory?
an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing the task.
What is the pygmalion effect?
Believing in something can make it true.
What is reinforcement theory?
behavior is a function of its consequences. Rewards or punishments should be immediate and linked to performance.
What is goal theory?
goals tell an employee what needs to be done and how much effort is needed.
What does evidence suggest about goals?
- specific goals increase performance
2. difficult goals when accepted result in higher performance than do easy goals
What is expectency theory?
a tendency to act in a certain way depends on whether we expect the act will be followed by a specific outcome & whether we find that outcome attractive
What are the three relationships in expectancy theory?
- Effort-performance relationship
- Performance-reward relationship
- Rewards-personal goals relationship
how can jobs be more prosocially motivating?
- connect employees with beneficiaries of their work
2. meet the beneficiaries first hand
What is telecommuting?
Employees who do their work at home at least two days a week through virtual devices linked to the employer’s office.
What is piece-rate pay?
A pure piece-rate plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces.
what is merit based pay
Allows employers to differentiate pay based on performance
What are the limitations of piece-rate pay?
- not a feasible approach for many jobs
2. the main concern is financial risk
what are the limitations of merit-based pay
- Based on annual performance appraisals
- Merit pool fluctuates
- Union resistance
What is an example of intrinsic reward?
employee recognition programs.
what is an example of extrinsic reward?
employee cokmpensation systems
What are the five job characterics model?
- skill variety
- task identity
- task significance
- autonmy
- feedback
what characteristics make someone more likely to work from home?
people with more education are more likely to work from home
What is the temporary groups punctuated equilibrium model?
- Their first meeting sets the group’s direction
- The first phase of group activity is one of inertia and thus slower progress
- A transition takes place exactly when the group has used up half its allotted time
- This transition initiates major changes
- A second phase of inertia follows the transition
- The group’s last meeting is characterized by markedly accelerated activity
What is ingroup favoritism?
occurs when we see members of our ingroup as better than other people and people not in our group as all the same.
What is outgroup?
Whenever there is an ingroup, there is by necessity an outgroup, which is sometimes everyone else, but is usually an identified group known by the ingroup’s members. When there are ingroups and outgroups, there is often animosity between them.
what is role expecatation?
how others believe one should act in a given situation.
What is an example of role expecation?
in your job you might be expected to be honest,, fair and responsible.
What is role conflict?
situation in which an individual faces divergent role expectations. Playing soccer on monday night team goes out for drinks
what is role perception
one’s perception of how to act in a given situation.
what is norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.
what is conformity?
Adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group
what is status
a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
what is divestiy?
degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another.
how do you decrease social loafing?
by recognizing indvidual efforts
What is social loafing?
the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than alone.
are individual decisions more time consuming than group decisions?
group decisons are more time consuming
What is a virtual team?
Virtual teams use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal.
What is a multi team system?
multiteam systems are collections of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal – they are a team of teams.
what are the five types of teams?
- problem solving
- self managed
- cross functional
- virutal
- multi team systems
what is reflexivity?
reflect and adjust plan if necessary, teams can adapt well
what is team cohesion?
emotional attachment that drives motivation
what is relational conflict?
those based on interpersonal incompatibilities, tension, and animosity toward others—are almost always dysfunctional.
what is task conflict?
task conflicts stimulate discussion, promote critical assessment of problems and options, and can lead to better team decisions. Both too much and too little disagreement about how a team should initially perform a creative task can inhibit performance.
which type of conflict needs to be avoided for teams to be effective?
relational conflict
When is cultural diversity an asset?
Cultural diversity does seem to be an asset for tasks that call for a variety of viewpoints.
What is the trait theory of leadership?
focus on personal qualities, characteristics, and attributes.
What is the relationship between empathy and emotional intellegence?
A leader who effectively displays and manages emotions will find it easier to influence the feelings of followers, by both expressing genuine sympathy and enthusiasm for good performance and by using irritation for those who fail to perform
What is transformational leadership?
Transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization
What is transactional leadership?
Transactional leaders guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.
What is the contingency model?
effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader.
What is the least effective form of leadership?
laissez-faire
What is charismatic leadership theory?
leadership that conveys other-centered (not self-centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct.
Which theory of leadership most accurately predicts emergence and appearance of leadership?
trait theory leadership.
What are the four components of transformational leadership?
- individualized consideration.
- intellectual stimluation
- inspirational motivation
- idealized influence
what is individualized consideration?
Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.
What is intellectual stimulation?
Promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving.
what is inspirational motivation?
Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways.
what is idealzied influence?
Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust.
What is physciological needs?
food water warmth rest
what are safety needs?
security safety
what are belongingess and love needs?
intimate relationships, friends
what is esteem needs?
prestige and feeling of accomplishment
what is self actualization needs?
acheiving ones full potential including creative activites
What is vroom expectency theory short answer?
a tendency to act in a certain way depends on whether we expect the act will be followed by a specific outcome & whether we find that outcome attractive
what are the three relationships in vrooms expetency theory?
- expentancy or effort to performance relationship
- instrumentality or the performance to reward relationship
- valence or rewards to personal goals relationship
What is the expentancy or effort to performance relationship
the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
what is the instrumentality or the performance to reward relationship
the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome
what is the valence or rewards to personal goals relationship
the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals
What are the five characteristics of the job characteristics theory?
- skill variety
- task identity
- task significance
- autnomy
- feedback
what is skill variety?
is the degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities, so the worker can use a number of different skills and talent.
what is task identity
is the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
what is task significance?
is the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.
what is autonomy?
employees have substantial freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling and carrying out their work
what is feedback?
employees receive direct and clear information about the effectiveness their performance.
