Exam 1 Review Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of Organizational Behavior
A
is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and systems have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.
2
Q
What are the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB?
A
- psychology
- social psychology
- sociology
- anthropology
3
Q
What are the three stages of OB analysis?
A
individual, group, and organizational
4
Q
What are some examples of inputs?
A
diversity, values, group roles, and culture
5
Q
what are some examples of Processes?
A
emotions and moods, motivation
communication leadership, and change practices
6
Q
What are some examples of outcomes?
A
task performance withdrawal behavior group cohesion productivity
7
Q
What is Ocean?
A
- openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- extorversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
8
Q
What is openess to experience?
A
Being curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined and sophisticated
9
Q
What is Conscientiousness?
A
Being dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking and persevering
10
Q
What is extra version?
A
Being talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold and dominant
11
Q
What is agreeableness?
A
Being kind, cooperative, sympathetic helpful, courteous and warm
12
Q
What is neuroticisim?
A
Being nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, unstable and hostile
13
Q
What is the big 5 influences?
A
- emotional stability
- extraversion
- openness
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
14
Q
What is Hofstede’s framework?
A
- power distance
- individualism versus collectivism
- masculinity versus feminity
- uncertainty avoidance
- long term versus short term orientation
15
Q
What is the drawback of self report surverys?
A
people want to make a good impression which means a low level of accuracy.
16
Q
How did Milton Rokeach organize values?
A
terminal values vs instrumental values
17
Q
What is a termianl value?
A
desirible end state. Examples world free of poverty or comfortable life.
18
Q
What is a instrumental value?
A
preffered modes of beahivor or means of achieving terminal value. Example being helpful
19
Q
When are personality traits more likely to predict behavior?
A
in weak situations accoridng to situational strength theory such as yellow lights.
20
Q
What is proactive personality?
A
people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.
21
Q
What is self monitoring?
A
measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
22
Q
What is situational strength theory?
A
The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior.
23
Q
What are the four criteria for situation strength?
A
Clarity (available and clear)
Consistency (cues compatible)
Constraints (freedom limited)
Consequences (important implications)
24
Q
What are the 3 common frameworks to measure personality?
A
- myers brigg type indactor
- big five personaltiy model
- dark triad
25
what are the aspects of attribution theory?
- distinctiveness
- consesnus
- consistency
26
What is disticnitveness in the attribution theory?
whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations
High = Alison only smokes when out with friends.
Low = Alison smokes no matter the context.
27
What is consenus in attribution theory?
if everyone who is faced with a similar situation responds in the same way
High = Alison and her friend both smoke at dinner
Low = Only Alison smokes at dinner, her friend doesn’t.
28
What is consistency in attribution theory?
are an individual’s behaviors stable and uniform over time
High = If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends.
Low = If Alison only smokes with she is out with friends on special occasions.
29
What is the halo theory?
- Drawing a general impression based on a single characteristic
- E.g., attractive people are better at everything
30
What is contrast effect?
- Do not evaluate people in isolation.
| - Reactions to people are influenced by other persons we have recently encountered
31
What is streotyping?
Judging someone based on one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs
Monitor ourselves to avoid unfairly applying a stereotype in our evaluations and decisions
32
What is confirmation bias?
seek information that reaffirms past choices, ignore contradictory information
33
What is anchoring bias?
fixating on initial information without adjusting
34
What is self serving bias?
Individuals’ tendency to attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors
35
What is availablity bias?
base judgments on available information
36
What is hindsight bias?
false belief that you have accurately predicted something
| Taylor Swift: “I knew you were trouble when you walked in.”
37
What is satisficing?
accept an available option as satisfactory.
38
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
- Attempt to validate perceptions of reality
- Your expectations can influence the behavior of others
- Expectations become reality (e.g., gifted students)
39
What is creativity?
Creativity involves producing new and useful ideas
40
What is escalation of comitment?
stick with a decision even if wrong.
41
What is bias in interviews?
Inaccuracy from early impressions, early impressions carry more weight
42
What makes emotions different from moods?
- caused by a specific event
- very brief in duration
- usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions
- action-oriented in nature
43
What makes mood different from emotion?
- cause is often general and unclear
- lasts longer than emotions
- more general
- generally not indicated by distinct expressions
- cognitive in nature
44
What is emotional dissonace?
Inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project. Longterm could be a sign up burnout, and declines in job performance. For example having to at starbucks smile during bad day.
45
Does weather affect mood?
It is thought to but there is no proven affect.
46
How does stress affect mood?
Even low levels of constant stress can worsen moods.
47
Does social activities impact mood?
Physical, informal, and dining activities increase positive moods.
48
How does sleep impact mood?
Poor sleep quality increases negative affect.
49
Does exercise impact mood?
Does somewhat improves mood, especially for depressed people.
50
What is positivity offset?
At zero input, most people experience a mildly positive mood.
51
What are attitudes?
are evaluative statements—either favorable or unfavorable—about objects, people, or events.
52
What are job attitudes?
- job satisifaction
- job involvement
- psychological empowerment
- organizational commitment
- percieved organizational support
- employee engagement
53
What is job involvement?
Degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth.
54
What is psychological empowerment?
Belief in the degree of influence over one’s job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy.
55
What is organizational commitment?
Identifying with a particular organization and its goals and wishing to maintain membership in the organization.
56
What is perceived organizational support?
Degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.
57
What is employee engagement?
The individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work.
58
How do you measure job satisfaction?
- “All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?” Respondents circle a number between 1 and 5 on a scale from “highly satisfied” to “highly dissatisfied.”
- The second approach, the summation of job facets, is more sophisticated. It identifies key elements in a job, such as the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relations with coworkers.
59
What causes job satisfaction?
- job conditions (nature of work itself)
| - Personality ( people who believe in their self competence)
60
Does pay impact job satisfaction?
once an individual reaches a comfortable level of living the relationship between pay and job satisfaction dissapears.
61
What are the outcomes of job satisfaction?
- Job perforamnce
- OCB (organizational citizenship behavior)
- Customer satisfaction
- Life satisfaction
62
What are the facets of Job satisfaction?
- work itself
- pay
- promotion
- supervision
- coworkers
63
What does OCB mean?
People who are more satisfied with their jobs are more likely to engage in OCB (moderate correlation).
64
What is cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
65
What is deviant/ counter productive work behavior?
Counterproductive work behavior: actions that actively damage the organization, including stealing, behaving aggressively toward coworkers, or being late or absent.
66
What are the responses to empoyee disatisifcation?
exit- looking for a new job
voice- constructively trying to improve conditions
loyalty- passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to change
neglect- passively allows conditions to worsen includes lateness or reduced effort.
67
What is managing diversity?
is the process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware of and sensitive to the needs and differences of others.
68
What is surface level diversity?
Surface-level diversity represents the characteristics that are easily observed such as race, gender, and age.
69
What is deep level diversity?
Deep-level diversity represents the aspects that are more difficult to see at first glance such as values, personality, and work preferences.
70
What is biological characteristics?
personal characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
71
What is intimidation?
Overt threats or bullying directed at members of specific groups of employees.
72
What is mockery and insults?
Jokes or negative stereotypes; sometimes the result of jokes taken too far.
73
What is exclusion?
Exclusion of certain people from job opportunities, social events, discussions, or informal mentoring; can occur unintentionally.
74
Who reports higher levels of discrimination at work?
Racial and ethnic minorities report higher levels of discrimination at work
75
What is the Americans with disabilities act?
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires employers to make “reasonable accommodation” for disabilities. Even so, individuals with disabilities continue to face bias in the workplace.
76
Which personality trait best predicts job performance?
Conscientiousness
77
What are the advantages for Myers Briggs test?
- Help employees better understand each other
- Open communication in work groups
- Reduces conflicts
78
What are the disadvantages for Myers Briggs test?
- Forcing people into one type or another does not allow for in-between cases
- If you retake the assessment, you are likely to get a different result (low reliability)
- Difficult to interpret results, easy to make a mistake
- Results unrelated to job performance so can be illegal to use as a selection tool
79
What is one legal way that managers can recruit or attract?
Target recruiting messages to specific demographic groups
80
What is a way to select diverse employees in an organization?
Market to underrepresented through social media and add more diverse applicants. include objective and fair selection protocols that have a clear link between the selection tools used and performance.
81
What is contingency theory?
a leader's effectiveness is contingent on whether or not their leadership style suits a particular situation.
82
Why are there few absolutes in OB?
1. Each person is different
| 2. No two situations are the same.
83
What is divesity climate?
diversity climate is positive when employees view the organization as being fair to all types of employees. -
84
What is exit?
looking for a new job
85
What is voice?
constructively trying to improve conditions
86
What is loyalty?
passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to change
87
What is neglect?
passively allows conditions to worsen includes lateness or reduced effort.
88
what is the three ethical decision critiera?
1. utilitiarism
2. rights
3. justice
89
What is utilitarism?
idea that the goal of sicety should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
90
What is rights?
calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and priveledges set forth in documents such as bill of rights
91
what is Justice?
is to impose and enforce rules failry and impartially to ensure justice or equal distribution of benefits and cost
92
What are the three types of variables?
- inputs
- processes
- outcomes
