Exam 2 Respiratory

Question 1

zone that contains nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles, and functions in bringing air into or out of the lungs as well as warming and humidifying it

Answer 1

conducting zone

Question 2

zone lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs; contains respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

Answer 2

respiratory zone

Question 3

synthesize surfactant

Answer 3

Type II pneumocytes

Question 4

phagocytic cells that keep alveoli free of dust and debris

Answer 4

alveolar macrophages

Question 5

pulmonary blood flow is mainly regulated by (blank) which is determined mainly by O2 (hypoxic vasoconstriction)

Answer 5

arteriolar resistance

Question 6

volume inspired or expired with each normal breath (normal quiet breathing)

Answer 6

tidal volume (~500 ml)

Question 7

volume that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume, used during exercise

Answer 7

inspiratory reserve volume (~1200 ml)

Question 8

volume that can be expired after the expiration of the tidal volume

Answer 8

expiratory reserve volume (~1200 ml)

Question 9

volume that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration, cannot be directly measured

Answer 9

residual volume (~1200 ml)

Question 10

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 10

Inspiratory Capacity (~3500 ml)

Question 11

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

Answer 11

Functional Residual Capacity (~2400 ml)

Question 12

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 12

Vital Capacity (~4700 ml)

Question 13

volume of air that can be forcible expired after a maximal inhalation

Answer 13

Forced Vital Capacity

Question 14

sum of all lung volumes

Answer 14

Total Lung Capacity (~5900 ml)

Question 15

air which does not take part in gas exchange in conducting airways

Answer 15

anatomic dead space

Question 16

volume of lungs which does not participate in gas exchange, may be greater in diseased lungs

Answer 16

physiologic dead space

Question 17

total rate of air moved in and out of the lungs

Answer 17

minute ventilation

Question 18

rate of air moved in and out of lungs corrected for physiologic dead space

Answer 18

alveolar ventilation

Question 19

volume of air that can be expired in 1 second after a maximal inspiration, normally 80% of FVC

Answer 19

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1)

Question 20

condition in which both FEV1 and FVC are reduced; ratio >80%

Answer 20

restrictive lung disease (fibrosis)

Question 21

condition i which FEV1 is reduced more than FVC so that FEV1/FVC ratio is decreased to <80%

Answer 21

obstructive lung disease (asthma, COPD, emphysema)

Question 22

distensibility of the lungs (change in lung volume for a given change in pressure), inversely related to elastance

Answer 22

compliance

Question 23

when the pressure outside of the lungs is negative the lungs [expand or collapse] and the volume [increases or decreases]

Answer 23

expand, increases

Question 24

at high expanding pressure, compliance is [high or low]

Answer 24

low

Question 25

pressure in intrapleural space is [positive or negative] relative to the atmospheric pressure

Answer 25

negative

Question 26

disease with increased lung compliance | Seeks a new higher FRC, Barrel-shaped chest

Answer 26

Emphysema

Question 27

disease with decreased lung compliance, seeks a new lower FRC

Answer 27

fibrosis

Question 28

Law of Laplace

Answer 28

pressure tending to collapse an alveolus is directly proportional to the surface tension of liquid molecules and inversely proportional to alveolar radius

Question 29

reduces surface tension in the lungs, thereby reducing collapsing pressure and increasing lung compliance

Answer 29

surfactant

Question 30

most important constituent of surfactant, amphipathic, breaks up attracting forces between liquid molecules lining the alveoli

Answer 30

DPPC

Question 31

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 31

lacking surfactant increased pressure causes collapse of small alveoli during expiration lung compliance is decreased hypoxemia develops

Question 32

sites of highest airway resistance

Answer 32

medium sized bronchi

Question 33

parasympathetic stimulation affect on airway resistance

Answer 33

constriction - decrease radius, increase airway resistance (muscarinic receptors)

Question 34

sympathetic stimulation affect on airway resistance

Answer 34

relaxation- increase radius, decrease airway resistance | (B2 receptors)

Question 35

methemoglobin

Answer 35

Heme moieties in the ferric, or Fe3+, state (rather than the normal Fe2+ state) Does not bind O2 can be acquired or congenital

Question 36

hemoglobin S

Answer 36

abnormal hemoglobin variant that causes sickle cell, have lower affinity for oxygen, can occlude small blood vessels

Question 37

The maximum amount of O2 that can be bound to hemoglobin per volume of blood, assuming that hemoglobin is 100% saturated

Answer 37

O2 binding capacity

Question 38

The actual amount of O2 per volume of blood

Answer 38

O2 content | O₂ content = (O₂-binding capacity x % saturation) + dissolved O₂

Question 39

forms of CO2 in blood

Answer 39

dissolved CO2 carbaminohemoglobin HCO3 (most CO2)

Question 40

an adaptive mechanism, reducing pulmonary blood flow to poorly ventilated areas where the blood flow would be "wasted

Answer 40

hypoxic vasoconstriction

Question 41

The major factor regulating pulmonary blood flow is the

Answer 41

partial pressure of O2

Question 42

Thromboxane A2,

Answer 42

vaso/veno constrictor

Question 43

Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2)

Answer 43

vasodilator

Question 44

Leukotrienes

Answer 44

airway constrictor

Question 45

cardiac output that bypasses alveoli; small amount of coronary blood flow that goes from left ventricle to veins without perfusing lungs; bronchial flow

Answer 45

physiologic shunts

Question 46

Pulmonary stenosis RVH Overriding aorta (over the VSD connecting to both left and right ventricle) Ventricular Septal Defect

Answer 46

tetralogy of fallot

Question 47

defect between the ventricles that cause hypoxemia (blue babies)

Answer 47

right to left shunt

Question 48

Single artery arising from both ventricles giving rise to aortic and pulmonary vessels

Answer 48

Truncus arteriosus

Question 49

Congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum, will not notice until child becomes active

Answer 49

atrial septal defect

Question 50

do not cause hypoxemia but cause late cyanosis (blue kids)

Answer 50

left to right shunts

Question 51

Congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum

Answer 51

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 52

responsible for inspiration, generates breathing rhythm, innervated by CNX and CNIX, innervates diaphragm and phrenic nerve

Answer 52

dorsal respiratory group

Question 53

responsible for expiration, active during exercise but not normal breathing

Answer 53

ventral respiratory group

Question 54

located in lower pons, stimulates inspiration

Answer 54

apneustic center

Question 55

located in upper pons, inhibits respiration

Answer 55

pneumatic center

Question 56

lesion to pneumatic center would cause

Answer 56

inability to stop inspiring (apneustic breathing)

Question 57

sensitive to pH of CSF, low pH causes hyperventilation

Answer 57

central chemoreceptors

Question 58

located in carotid and aortic bodies, detect changes in arterial PO2, PCO2, and H+

Answer 58

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 59

mechanoreceptors in smooth muscle of airways stimulated by lung and airway distention, responsible for Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer 59

lung stretch receptors

Question 60

mechanoreceptors that detect limb movements and instruct inspiratory center to increase breathing rate

Answer 60

joint and muscle receptors

Question 61

located between epithelial cells of airways, causes reflex constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, increase breathing rate

Answer 61

irritant receptors

Question 62

located near capillaries of alveolar walls, activated by increases in interstitial fluid volume (ex pulmonary edema), cause an increase in breathing rate

Answer 62

juxtacapillary receptors

Question 63

decrease in arterial PO2

Answer 63

hypoxemia

Question 64

decrease in O2 delivery to, or utilization by, the tissues

Answer 64

hypoxia