Exam 2 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

zone that contains nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles, and functions in bringing air into or out of the lungs as well as warming and humidifying it

A

conducting zone

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2
Q

zone lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs; contains respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

A

respiratory zone

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3
Q

synthesize surfactant

A

Type II pneumocytes

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4
Q

phagocytic cells that keep alveoli free of dust and debris

A

alveolar macrophages

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5
Q

pulmonary blood flow is mainly regulated by (blank) which is determined mainly by O2 (hypoxic vasoconstriction)

A

arteriolar resistance

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6
Q

volume inspired or expired with each normal breath (normal quiet breathing)

A

tidal volume (~500 ml)

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7
Q

volume that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume, used during exercise

A

inspiratory reserve volume (~1200 ml)

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8
Q

volume that can be expired after the expiration of the tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume (~1200 ml)

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9
Q

volume that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration, cannot be directly measured

A

residual volume (~1200 ml)

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10
Q

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Inspiratory Capacity (~3500 ml)

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11
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

A

Functional Residual Capacity (~2400 ml)

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12
Q

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Vital Capacity (~4700 ml)

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13
Q

volume of air that can be forcible expired after a maximal inhalation

A

Forced Vital Capacity

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14
Q

sum of all lung volumes

A

Total Lung Capacity (~5900 ml)

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15
Q

air which does not take part in gas exchange in conducting airways

A

anatomic dead space

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16
Q

volume of lungs which does not participate in gas exchange, may be greater in diseased lungs

A

physiologic dead space

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17
Q

total rate of air moved in and out of the lungs

A

minute ventilation

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18
Q

rate of air moved in and out of lungs corrected for physiologic dead space

A

alveolar ventilation

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19
Q

volume of air that can be expired in 1 second after a maximal inspiration, normally 80% of FVC

A

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1)

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20
Q

condition in which both FEV1 and FVC are reduced; ratio >80%

A

restrictive lung disease (fibrosis)

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21
Q

condition i which FEV1 is reduced more than FVC so that FEV1/FVC ratio is decreased to <80%

A

obstructive lung disease (asthma, COPD, emphysema)

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22
Q

distensibility of the lungs (change in lung volume for a given change in pressure), inversely related to elastance

A

compliance

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23
Q

when the pressure outside of the lungs is negative the lungs [expand or collapse] and the volume [increases or decreases]

A

expand, increases

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24
Q

at high expanding pressure, compliance is [high or low]

A

low

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25
Q

pressure in intrapleural space is [positive or negative] relative to the atmospheric pressure

A

negative

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26
Q

disease with increased lung compliance

Seeks a new higher FRC, Barrel-shaped chest

A

Emphysema

27
Q

disease with decreased lung compliance, seeks a new lower FRC

A

fibrosis

28
Q

Law of Laplace

A

pressure tending to collapse an alveolus is directly proportional to the surface tension of liquid molecules and inversely proportional to alveolar radius

29
Q

reduces surface tension in the lungs, thereby reducing collapsing pressure and increasing lung compliance

A

surfactant

30
Q

most important constituent of surfactant, amphipathic, breaks up attracting forces between liquid molecules lining the alveoli

A

DPPC

31
Q

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

lacking surfactant
increased pressure causes collapse of small alveoli during expiration
lung compliance is decreased
hypoxemia develops

32
Q

sites of highest airway resistance

A

medium sized bronchi

33
Q

parasympathetic stimulation affect on airway resistance

A

constriction - decrease radius, increase airway resistance (muscarinic receptors)

34
Q

sympathetic stimulation affect on airway resistance

A

relaxation- increase radius, decrease airway resistance

(B2 receptors)

35
Q

methemoglobin

A

Heme moieties in the ferric, or Fe3+, state (rather than the normal Fe2+ state)
Does not bind O2
can be acquired or congenital

36
Q

hemoglobin S

A

abnormal hemoglobin variant that causes sickle cell, have lower affinity for oxygen, can occlude small blood vessels

37
Q

The maximum amount of O2 that can be bound to hemoglobin per volume of blood, assuming that hemoglobin is 100% saturated

A

O2 binding capacity

38
Q

The actual amount of O2 per volume of blood

A

O2 content

O₂ content = (O₂-binding capacity x % saturation) + dissolved O₂

39
Q

forms of CO2 in blood

A

dissolved CO2
carbaminohemoglobin
HCO3 (most CO2)

40
Q

an adaptive mechanism, reducing pulmonary blood flow to poorly ventilated areas where the blood flow would be “wasted

A

hypoxic vasoconstriction

41
Q

The major factor regulating pulmonary blood flow is the

A

partial pressure of O2

42
Q

Thromboxane A2,

A

vaso/veno constrictor

43
Q

Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2)

A

vasodilator

44
Q

Leukotrienes

A

airway constrictor

45
Q

cardiac output that bypasses alveoli; small amount of coronary blood flow that goes from left ventricle to veins without perfusing lungs; bronchial flow

A

physiologic shunts

46
Q

Pulmonary stenosis
RVH
Overriding aorta (over the VSD connecting to both left and right ventricle)
Ventricular Septal Defect

A

tetralogy of fallot

47
Q

defect between the ventricles that cause hypoxemia (blue babies)

A

right to left shunt

48
Q

Single artery arising from both ventricles giving rise to aortic and pulmonary vessels

A

Truncus arteriosus

49
Q

Congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum, will not notice until child becomes active

A

atrial septal defect

50
Q

do not cause hypoxemia but cause late cyanosis (blue kids)

A

left to right shunts

51
Q

Congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum

A

patent ductus arteriosus

52
Q

responsible for inspiration, generates breathing rhythm, innervated by CNX and CNIX, innervates diaphragm and phrenic nerve

A

dorsal respiratory group

53
Q

responsible for expiration, active during exercise but not normal breathing

A

ventral respiratory group

54
Q

located in lower pons, stimulates inspiration

A

apneustic center

55
Q

located in upper pons, inhibits respiration

A

pneumatic center

56
Q

lesion to pneumatic center would cause

A

inability to stop inspiring (apneustic breathing)

57
Q

sensitive to pH of CSF, low pH causes hyperventilation

A

central chemoreceptors

58
Q

located in carotid and aortic bodies, detect changes in arterial PO2, PCO2, and H+

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

59
Q

mechanoreceptors in smooth muscle of airways stimulated by lung and airway distention, responsible for Hering-Breuer reflex

A

lung stretch receptors

60
Q

mechanoreceptors that detect limb movements and instruct inspiratory center to increase breathing rate

A

joint and muscle receptors

61
Q

located between epithelial cells of airways, causes reflex constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, increase breathing rate

A

irritant receptors

62
Q

located near capillaries of alveolar walls, activated by increases in interstitial fluid volume (ex pulmonary edema), cause an increase in breathing rate

A

juxtacapillary receptors

63
Q

decrease in arterial PO2

A

hypoxemia

64
Q

decrease in O2 delivery to, or utilization by, the tissues

A

hypoxia