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Physiology > Exam 2- Cardio > Flashcards

Exam 2- Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle

A

cardiac output/afterload

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2
Q

rate at which blood is returned to the atria

A

venous return/preload

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3
Q

blood vessels with thick walls, elastic tissue, highest pressure, and stressed volume

A

arteries

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4
Q

site of highest resistance to blood flow

A

arterioles

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5
Q

single layer of endothelial cells that serve as site of exchange of nutrients, gases, water, and solutes between blood and tissues

A

capillaries

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6
Q

contain unstressed volume, have large capacitance

A

veins/venules

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7
Q

velocity is directly proportional to (blank); inversely proportional to (blank)

A

blood flow; cross sectional area

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8
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to (blank) and inversely proportional to (blank)

A

pressure gradient; resistance

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9
Q

resistance depends on

A

diameter and blood viscosity

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10
Q

resistance directly proportional to (2 things)

A

velocity and vessel length

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11
Q

formula for series resistance

A

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3….

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12
Q

formula for parallel series

A

1/ Rtotal = (1/R1) +(1/R2) + (1/R3)…….

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13
Q

streamlined parabolic profile of velocity within a blood vessel in which velocity is greatest in the center and 0 at the walls

A

laminar flow

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14
Q

disrupted flow that occurs at valves or site of blood clot or in vessels of high velocity

A

turbulent flow

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15
Q

predicts if flow will be laminar or turbulent; greater number = greater tendency for turbulence

A

Reynold’s Number

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16
Q

distensibility of blood vessels, inversely relate to elasticity

A

compliance

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17
Q

pressure in the artery during ventricular relaxation; lowest arterial pressure

A

diastolic pressure

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18
Q

pressure in the artery during ventricular contraction; highest arterial pressure

A

systolic pressure

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19
Q

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, relates to stroke volume

A

pulse pressure

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20
Q

average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure

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21
Q

causes an increase in systolic pressure, ouse pressure, and mean arterial pressure

A

arteriosclerosis

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22
Q

causes a decrease in systolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure

A

aortic stenosis

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23
Q

incompetent aortic valve disrupts blood flow into the aorta, resulting in retrograde flow

A

aortic regurgitation

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24
Q

where are conducting cells found

A

SA node, atrial internodal tracts, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers

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25
Q

normal sinus rhythm range depends on

A

action potential must originate in SA node
SA node impulses must occur regularly at 60-100 impulses/min
activation of the myocardium must occur in the correct timing and delays

26
Q

Phase 0 of cardiac action potential

A

rapid depolarization caused by transient increase in Na conduction

27
Q

Phase 1 of cardiac action potential

A

brief period of repolarization, net outward current

inactivation gates on Na channels close, outward current of K

28
Q

Phase 2 of cardiac action potential

A

“plateau” - long period of stable depolarized membrane potential, no net current flow across membrane
inward Ca current (slow) balanced by outward K current

29
Q

Phase 3 of cardiac action potential

A

repolarization; outward currents > inward currents

30
Q

Phase 4 of cardiac action potential

A

resting membrane potential/electrical diastole
membrane potential stable again
inward and outward currents are equal (inward Na and Ca balance out outward K)

31
Q

Phase 0 of SA node action potential

A

slow upstroke caused by inward Ca current

32
Q

Phase 3 of SA node action potential

A

repolarization; increase in outward K current

33
Q

Phase 4 of SA node action potential

A

longest part of SA action potential
slow upstroke due to inward Na current
conducts Na, K and Ca
inward Na turned on by repolarization of preceding AP
accounts for automaticity of SA nodal cells, rate of phase 4 determines heart rate

34
Q

speed at which APs are propagated in the tissue

slowest in Av node to allow for ventricular filling; fastest in Purkinje fibers

A

conduction velocity

35
Q

prevents conduction directly from atria to ventricles

A

antrioventricular ring

36
Q

rate of conduction depends on (2 things)

A

size of inward current (# of ion channels)

more negative threshold

37
Q

ability of cells to initiate an AP in response to inward depolarizing current; reflects recovery of channels that carry inward current during upstroke

A

excitability

38
Q

period during which another AP cannot be elicited regardless of current; begins with upstroke and ends after plateau

A

absolute refractory period

39
Q

period during which a generated AP cannot be conducted, Na+ channels begin to recover; inward current not enough to conduct to next site

A

effective refractory period

40
Q

AP can be elicited if greater than usual current; occurs immediately after ARP when repolarization is almost complete

A

relative refractory period

41
Q

period during which cell is more excitable than normal

A

supranormal period

42
Q

chronotropic effects

A

effects of ANS on heart rate via SA node
positive=increase HR
negative = decrease HR

43
Q

dromotropic effects

A

effects of ANS on conduction velocity via AV node
positive = increase conduction (symp B1)
negative = decrease conduction (parasymp)

44
Q

p wave of EKG represents

A

atrial depolarization

45
Q

PR interval of EKG

A

initial ventricular depolarization

46
Q

QRS complex of EKG

A

ventricular depolarization

47
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

48
Q

QT interval

A

entire period of depolarization and repolarization of ventricles

49
Q

ST segment

A

ventricular repolarization

50
Q

maintain cell - cell cohesion, have gap junctions for cardiac muscle synctium

A

intercalated disk

51
Q

ability of myocardial cells to develop force at a given muscle length

A

ionotropism

52
Q

amount of Ca released from SR depends on… (2 things)

A

size of inward Ca current during plateau

amount of Ca previously stored in SR for release

53
Q

contractility depends most on

A

intracellular Ca concentration

54
Q

positive ionotropic effect

A

increase contractility,
increase rate of tension development/peak tension, increase rate of relaxation
mediated by B1 receptors

55
Q

positive staircase effect

A

as intracellular Ca increases, HR increases and force of contraction increases in stepwise fashion

56
Q

post extrasystolic potentiation

A

during an extra beat further release of Ca causes extra beat to have stronger force of contraction

57
Q

used to treat CHF, inhibit Na-K ATPase to increase intracellular Na and Ca

A

positive ionotropic agents such as Digoxin

58
Q

equivalent to end-diastolic volume; related to right atrial pressure

A

preload

59
Q

volume of blood ejected by a ventricle on each beat

A

stroke volume

60
Q

fraction of the end diastolic volume in each stroke volume, measures ventricular efficiency

A

ejection fraction

Physiology (3 decks)

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