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Physiology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

total body water is divided into

A

extracelluar fluid (20%) (plasma (15%) and interstitial (5%)) and intracellular (40%)

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2
Q

active particles per kg water is

A

osmolality

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3
Q

number of particles a solute in solution dissociates into

A

osmole

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4
Q

number of osmotically active particles per liter of solution

A

osmolarity

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5
Q

anion gap formula

A

[Na] - ([Cl] - [HCO3]) in the plasma

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6
Q

anion gap should be between (blank) but is higher in conditions such as (blank)

A

8-16 meq/L; diabetes

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7
Q

an anion gap out of range indicates a disruption in

A

electroneutrality

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8
Q

according to Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium, the outside plasma has a lot of impermeable (positives or negatives) and therefore needs more small (cations or anions) and less small (cations or anions)

A

negatives; cations; anions

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9
Q

the hydrophilic portion of cell membranes is the

A

glycerol backbone and phosphate heads

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10
Q

span the entire membrane one or more times, contacts both ECF and ICF,

A

integral proteins

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11
Q

functions of integral proteins

A

transport, ligand gated receptors, adhesion molecules, enzyme pumps, 2nd messengers

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12
Q

contact ECF or ICF only, hydrophilic, used for intracellular signaling

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

type of peripheral protein that anchors cytoskeleton of red blood cells

A

ankryin

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14
Q

held together by claudins, may be tight and impermeable or leaky and permeable

A

tight junctions

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15
Q

tight impermeable tight junctions would be found in

A

distal renal tube

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16
Q

leaky permeable tight junctions would be found in

A

proximal renal tubule

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17
Q

band around the cell that provides clues about neighboring cells, assist in actin and myosin assembly

A

adhering junctions

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18
Q

cadhereins, glycoproteins, and N-CAMs are all

A

cell-cell adhesion molecules

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19
Q

low resistance pathways that allow an entire structure to contract at once

A

gap junctions

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20
Q

holds cells together at a single round spot

A

desmosomes

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21
Q

characteristics that determine transport

A

stereospecificity, competition, saturation

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22
Q

passive form of cell transport, no carrier needed

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

carrier mediated cell transport down a gradient

A

facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

transport against a gradient that requires a carrier

A

primary active transport

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25
Q

couples transport of 2 or more solutes

A

secondary active transport- may be symport and antiport

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26
Q

example of symport

A

glucose and Na into the blood

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27
Q

example of antiport

A

exchange of Na and Ca

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28
Q

flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

A

osmosis

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29
Q

concentration difference created by two solutions across a membrane

A

osmotic pressure

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30
Q

how easily a solute will cross a membrane, scale of 0 to 1

A

refection coefficient (0 is permeable, 1 is impermeable)

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31
Q

act on post synaptic cell to alter the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to stimulation

A

neuromodulators (think they can)

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32
Q

released from neurons into blood to act at distant site

A

neurohormones (do the job)

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33
Q

basic contractile unit delineated by Z discs, full central A band, and 1/2 of 2 I bands on each side

A

sarcomere

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34
Q

composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; anchored at Z lines with I bands

A

thin filaments

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35
Q

globular protein with myosin binding sites

A

actin

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36
Q

filamentous protein that blocks myosin binding sites of actin to prevent contraction

A

tropomyosin

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37
Q

complex of 3 globular proteins (T,I,C)

A

troponin

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38
Q

troponin T

A

attaches to tropomyosin

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39
Q

troponin I

A

inhibits actin and myosin interaction by covering actin binding sites

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40
Q

troponin C

A

Ca binding site

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41
Q

makes up thick filaments; 6 polypeptides - 2 heavy chain tails and 2 pairs of light chain heads

A

myosin

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42
Q

cytoskeletal protein associated with thick filaments that maintain sarcomere integrity during contraction; biggest protein in the body

A

titin

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43
Q

cytoskeletal protein that acts as molecular ruler during thin filament assembly

A

nebulin

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44
Q

anchors thin filaments to Z disc

A

alpha actinin

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45
Q

anchors myofribilar array to cell membrane

A

dystrophin

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46
Q

steps in skeletal muscle contraction

A

action potential depolarizes T tubules

depolarization causes conformational change in dyhydropiridine receptor which opens Ca release channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum

increase intracellular [Ca]

Ca binds to troponin C, conformational change in troponin complex,

cross bridging occurs as tropomyosin is moved out of the way and actin and myosin bind; ATP is hydrolyzed

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47
Q

created by the movement of only a few permeable ions, measured in millivolts

A

diffusion potential

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48
Q

concentration and ion gradient generated by a solution

A

electrochemical potential

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49
Q

diffusion potential that exactly balances the tendency for diffusion

A

equilibrium potential

50
Q

tells at what potential an ion would be at electrochemical equilibrium

A

Nernst Equation

51
Q

voltage of the cell at rest, maintained by Na-K pump

A

resting membrane potential, -70mv for myocytes and -90mv for neurons

52
Q

transient change in resting membrane potential, mechanism of cell excitation

A

action potential

53
Q

making the cell membrane potential less negative, due to the influx of Na

A

depolarization

54
Q

making the cell membrane potential more negative, due to efflux of K

A

hyperpolarization

55
Q

point of no return, inevitability of an action potential

A

threshold

56
Q

point of an action potential where membrane potential is +

A

overshoot

57
Q

portion of action potential following repolarization where membrane potential is more negative than it is at rest

A

undershoot

58
Q

point when another action potential may not be elicited regardless of stimulus strength

A

absolute refractory period

59
Q

absolute refractory period is due to

A

all Na channels being utilized

60
Q

another action potential can only occur if it has a larger than normal stimulus

A

relative refractory period

61
Q

what is occurring during relative refractory period

A

Na channels beginning to recover

62
Q

factors that increase action potential conduction

A

more myelin, bigger fiber diameter

63
Q

characteristics of an action potential

A

stereotypical size and shape, all or nothing, propagation

64
Q

hyperkalemia

A

more [K] so smaller resting membrane potential, less Na enters the cell, so reaching threshold may not cause an action potential

65
Q

blocks ACh release from presynaptic terminal, results in total blockade and paralysis of respiratory muscles, death

A

Botulin toxin

66
Q

competes with ACh for receptors on motor end plate, decreases size of end plate potential, can cause paralysis in high doses

A

Curare

67
Q

AChE inhibitor that prolongs and enhances action of ACh

A

neostigmine

68
Q

blocks reuptake of choline resulting in depleted ACh stores

A

hemicholinium

69
Q

excitatory post synaptic potential due to

A

influx of Na

70
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential due to

A

opening of Cl- channels

71
Q

NTs associated with EPSP

A

glutamate, norepinephrine, epinephrine, ACh, serotonin

72
Q

NTs associated with IPSP

A

GABA, glycine

73
Q

simultaneous arrival of action potentials

A

spatial summation

74
Q

rapid successive arrivals of action potentials, occurs stepwise

A

temporal summation

75
Q

short lived enhancement of EPP in response to a brief increase in frequency of nerve stimulation

A

facilitation

76
Q

greater response due to greater quantity of neurotransmitter, associated with memory formation

A

post-tetanic potentiation

77
Q

smaller than expected response in post synaptic cell due to depletion of neurotransmitter stores, decreased efficacy of neurotransmitter, or inactive receptors

A

synaptic fatigue

78
Q

GABA deficiency disease, associated with choreiform movements

A

Huntington’s Disease

79
Q

disease due to deletion of dystrophin gene, causes progressive muscle weakness and pseudohypertrophy

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

80
Q

smooth muscle of GI tract, bladder, uterus, ureter, gap junctions coordinate contraction, slow waves

A

unitary smooth muscle

81
Q

smooth muscles of iris, ciliary muscles, vas deferens, each fiber behaves as its own moron unit

A

multiunit smooth muscle

82
Q

binding unit that modulates smooth muscle contraction

A

calmodulin

83
Q

cells of adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulation

A

chromaffin cells

84
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of adrenal medulla that results in excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, elevated levels of catecholamines in urine, (24 hr sample), racing heart, headaches, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting

85
Q

increases precision of sensory localization by defining its boundaries and providing a contrasting border

A

lateral inhibition

86
Q

characteristics of sensory coding

A

stimulus modality, stimulus location, threshold, stimulus intensity, pattern of nerve impulses, stimulus duration

87
Q

desensitization caused by long term exposure to stimulus, can be phasic or tonic

A

adaptation

88
Q

warm thermoreceptors work best at

A

42-43; stop after 45

89
Q

cold thermoreceptors work best at

A

30; stop below 25

90
Q

nociceptors that respond to sharp pricking pain, use myelinated A delta fibers

A

mechanical

91
Q

nociceptors that respond to high intensity mechanical or chemical or hot/cold stimuli, use slow unmyelinated C fibers

A

polymodal

92
Q

pain with rapid onset and offset, local, use group ii and iii fibers

A

fast pain

93
Q

aching, burning or throbbing pain, poorly localized, uses C fibers

A

slow pain

94
Q

pain of visceral origin that follow dermatomal rule

A

referred pain

95
Q

corpuscle that is subcutaneous, senses vibration and tapping, very rapid

A

Pacinian

96
Q

corpuscle that senses point discrimination, tapping,flutter, rapid, non hairy skin

A

Meisner

97
Q

corpuscle that senses velocity and direction of movement, on hairy skin, slow

A

Ruffini

98
Q

layers of the retina

A

pigment cell; photoreceptor; outer nuclear; outer plexiform; inner nuclear; inner plexiform; ganglion cell; optic nerve

99
Q

light sensitive photoreceptor segment that contains rhodopsin

A

outer segment (inner contains organelles)

100
Q

NT that regulates photoreception

A

glutamate

101
Q

ipislateral blindness

A

entire eye is blind on same side of lesion

102
Q

bitemporal hemanopia

A

pituitary adenoma puts pressure on optic chiasm resulting in no peripheral vision

103
Q

binasal hemanopia

A

outside of optic chasm lesion (arteriosclerosis)

104
Q

contralateral hemanopia with macula sparing

A

lesion of visual cortex, lose nasal side of lesion and temporal side of other side

105
Q

sound frequency range

A

20-20,000 hz, human speech 300-3000hz, most sensitive 2000-5000hz

106
Q

when head moves laterally the endolymph moves

A

in opposite direction

107
Q

slow component of nystagmus

A

eye moves in opposite direction of head to maintain constant gaze

108
Q

rapid component of nystagmus

A

eyes rapidly return to align with head after reaching maximum stress

109
Q

if rotation is stopped abruptly, eyes move opposite original rotation, person falls opposite original rotation

A

just wanted to write that

110
Q

caloric test

A

COWS- cold water= nystagmus toward opposite side;

warm water= nystagmus toward same side

111
Q

absence of sense of smell

A

anosomia

112
Q

reduced sense of smell

A

hyposomia

113
Q

distorted sense of smell

A

dysosomia

114
Q

absence of taste

A

aguesia

115
Q

decreased taste; increased taste

A

hypoguesia; hyperguesia

116
Q

distortion of taste, including taste in absence of stimuli

A

dysguesia

117
Q

detect change in muscle length

A

muscle spindles group 1a and 2

118
Q

detect muscle tension

A

golgi tendon organs

119
Q

knee jerk reflex is an example of

A

stretch reflex

120
Q

group 1a and 2 fibers synapse with alpha motor neuron to contract synergistic muscle and synapses with interneuron to relax antagonist muscle

A

stretch reflex

121
Q

group 1b fibers stimulate inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord to inhibit alpha motor neurons and relax synergistic muscle

A

golgi tendon reflex (clasp knife reflex)

122
Q

innervated by group 2,3, and 4 fibers, causes ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension

A

flexor withdrawal reflex

Physiology (3 decks)

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