Exam 1 Review Flashcards
total body water is divided into
extracelluar fluid (20%) (plasma (15%) and interstitial (5%)) and intracellular (40%)
active particles per kg water is
osmolality
number of particles a solute in solution dissociates into
osmole
number of osmotically active particles per liter of solution
osmolarity
anion gap formula
[Na] - ([Cl] - [HCO3]) in the plasma
anion gap should be between (blank) but is higher in conditions such as (blank)
8-16 meq/L; diabetes
an anion gap out of range indicates a disruption in
electroneutrality
according to Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium, the outside plasma has a lot of impermeable (positives or negatives) and therefore needs more small (cations or anions) and less small (cations or anions)
negatives; cations; anions
the hydrophilic portion of cell membranes is the
glycerol backbone and phosphate heads
span the entire membrane one or more times, contacts both ECF and ICF,
integral proteins
functions of integral proteins
transport, ligand gated receptors, adhesion molecules, enzyme pumps, 2nd messengers
contact ECF or ICF only, hydrophilic, used for intracellular signaling
peripheral proteins
type of peripheral protein that anchors cytoskeleton of red blood cells
ankryin
held together by claudins, may be tight and impermeable or leaky and permeable
tight junctions
tight impermeable tight junctions would be found in
distal renal tube
leaky permeable tight junctions would be found in
proximal renal tubule
band around the cell that provides clues about neighboring cells, assist in actin and myosin assembly
adhering junctions
cadhereins, glycoproteins, and N-CAMs are all
cell-cell adhesion molecules
low resistance pathways that allow an entire structure to contract at once
gap junctions
holds cells together at a single round spot
desmosomes
characteristics that determine transport
stereospecificity, competition, saturation
passive form of cell transport, no carrier needed
simple diffusion
carrier mediated cell transport down a gradient
facilitated diffusion
transport against a gradient that requires a carrier
primary active transport
couples transport of 2 or more solutes
secondary active transport- may be symport and antiport
example of symport
glucose and Na into the blood
example of antiport
exchange of Na and Ca
flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration
osmosis
concentration difference created by two solutions across a membrane
osmotic pressure
how easily a solute will cross a membrane, scale of 0 to 1
refection coefficient (0 is permeable, 1 is impermeable)
act on post synaptic cell to alter the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to stimulation
neuromodulators (think they can)
released from neurons into blood to act at distant site
neurohormones (do the job)
basic contractile unit delineated by Z discs, full central A band, and 1/2 of 2 I bands on each side
sarcomere
composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; anchored at Z lines with I bands
thin filaments
globular protein with myosin binding sites
actin
filamentous protein that blocks myosin binding sites of actin to prevent contraction
tropomyosin
complex of 3 globular proteins (T,I,C)
troponin
troponin T
attaches to tropomyosin
troponin I
inhibits actin and myosin interaction by covering actin binding sites
troponin C
Ca binding site
makes up thick filaments; 6 polypeptides - 2 heavy chain tails and 2 pairs of light chain heads
myosin
cytoskeletal protein associated with thick filaments that maintain sarcomere integrity during contraction; biggest protein in the body
titin
cytoskeletal protein that acts as molecular ruler during thin filament assembly
nebulin
anchors thin filaments to Z disc
alpha actinin
anchors myofribilar array to cell membrane
dystrophin
steps in skeletal muscle contraction
action potential depolarizes T tubules
depolarization causes conformational change in dyhydropiridine receptor which opens Ca release channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum
increase intracellular [Ca]
Ca binds to troponin C, conformational change in troponin complex,
cross bridging occurs as tropomyosin is moved out of the way and actin and myosin bind; ATP is hydrolyzed
created by the movement of only a few permeable ions, measured in millivolts
diffusion potential
concentration and ion gradient generated by a solution
electrochemical potential
diffusion potential that exactly balances the tendency for diffusion
equilibrium potential
tells at what potential an ion would be at electrochemical equilibrium
Nernst Equation
voltage of the cell at rest, maintained by Na-K pump
resting membrane potential, -70mv for myocytes and -90mv for neurons
transient change in resting membrane potential, mechanism of cell excitation
action potential
making the cell membrane potential less negative, due to the influx of Na
depolarization
making the cell membrane potential more negative, due to efflux of K
hyperpolarization
point of no return, inevitability of an action potential
threshold
point of an action potential where membrane potential is +
overshoot
portion of action potential following repolarization where membrane potential is more negative than it is at rest
undershoot
point when another action potential may not be elicited regardless of stimulus strength
absolute refractory period
absolute refractory period is due to
all Na channels being utilized
another action potential can only occur if it has a larger than normal stimulus
relative refractory period
what is occurring during relative refractory period
Na channels beginning to recover
factors that increase action potential conduction
more myelin, bigger fiber diameter
characteristics of an action potential
stereotypical size and shape, all or nothing, propagation
hyperkalemia
more [K] so smaller resting membrane potential, less Na enters the cell, so reaching threshold may not cause an action potential
blocks ACh release from presynaptic terminal, results in total blockade and paralysis of respiratory muscles, death
Botulin toxin
competes with ACh for receptors on motor end plate, decreases size of end plate potential, can cause paralysis in high doses
Curare
AChE inhibitor that prolongs and enhances action of ACh
neostigmine
blocks reuptake of choline resulting in depleted ACh stores
hemicholinium
excitatory post synaptic potential due to
influx of Na
inhibitory post synaptic potential due to
opening of Cl- channels
NTs associated with EPSP
glutamate, norepinephrine, epinephrine, ACh, serotonin
NTs associated with IPSP
GABA, glycine
simultaneous arrival of action potentials
spatial summation
rapid successive arrivals of action potentials, occurs stepwise
temporal summation
short lived enhancement of EPP in response to a brief increase in frequency of nerve stimulation
facilitation
greater response due to greater quantity of neurotransmitter, associated with memory formation
post-tetanic potentiation
smaller than expected response in post synaptic cell due to depletion of neurotransmitter stores, decreased efficacy of neurotransmitter, or inactive receptors
synaptic fatigue
GABA deficiency disease, associated with choreiform movements
Huntington’s Disease
disease due to deletion of dystrophin gene, causes progressive muscle weakness and pseudohypertrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
smooth muscle of GI tract, bladder, uterus, ureter, gap junctions coordinate contraction, slow waves
unitary smooth muscle
smooth muscles of iris, ciliary muscles, vas deferens, each fiber behaves as its own moron unit
multiunit smooth muscle
binding unit that modulates smooth muscle contraction
calmodulin
cells of adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulation
chromaffin cells
pheochromocytoma
tumor of adrenal medulla that results in excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, elevated levels of catecholamines in urine, (24 hr sample), racing heart, headaches, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting
increases precision of sensory localization by defining its boundaries and providing a contrasting border
lateral inhibition
characteristics of sensory coding
stimulus modality, stimulus location, threshold, stimulus intensity, pattern of nerve impulses, stimulus duration
desensitization caused by long term exposure to stimulus, can be phasic or tonic
adaptation
warm thermoreceptors work best at
42-43; stop after 45
cold thermoreceptors work best at
30; stop below 25
nociceptors that respond to sharp pricking pain, use myelinated A delta fibers
mechanical
nociceptors that respond to high intensity mechanical or chemical or hot/cold stimuli, use slow unmyelinated C fibers
polymodal
pain with rapid onset and offset, local, use group ii and iii fibers
fast pain
aching, burning or throbbing pain, poorly localized, uses C fibers
slow pain
pain of visceral origin that follow dermatomal rule
referred pain
corpuscle that is subcutaneous, senses vibration and tapping, very rapid
Pacinian
corpuscle that senses point discrimination, tapping,flutter, rapid, non hairy skin
Meisner
corpuscle that senses velocity and direction of movement, on hairy skin, slow
Ruffini
layers of the retina
pigment cell; photoreceptor; outer nuclear; outer plexiform; inner nuclear; inner plexiform; ganglion cell; optic nerve
light sensitive photoreceptor segment that contains rhodopsin
outer segment (inner contains organelles)
NT that regulates photoreception
glutamate
ipislateral blindness
entire eye is blind on same side of lesion
bitemporal hemanopia
pituitary adenoma puts pressure on optic chiasm resulting in no peripheral vision
binasal hemanopia
outside of optic chasm lesion (arteriosclerosis)
contralateral hemanopia with macula sparing
lesion of visual cortex, lose nasal side of lesion and temporal side of other side
sound frequency range
20-20,000 hz, human speech 300-3000hz, most sensitive 2000-5000hz
when head moves laterally the endolymph moves
in opposite direction
slow component of nystagmus
eye moves in opposite direction of head to maintain constant gaze
rapid component of nystagmus
eyes rapidly return to align with head after reaching maximum stress
if rotation is stopped abruptly, eyes move opposite original rotation, person falls opposite original rotation
just wanted to write that
caloric test
COWS- cold water= nystagmus toward opposite side;
warm water= nystagmus toward same side
absence of sense of smell
anosomia
reduced sense of smell
hyposomia
distorted sense of smell
dysosomia
absence of taste
aguesia
decreased taste; increased taste
hypoguesia; hyperguesia
distortion of taste, including taste in absence of stimuli
dysguesia
detect change in muscle length
muscle spindles group 1a and 2
detect muscle tension
golgi tendon organs
knee jerk reflex is an example of
stretch reflex
group 1a and 2 fibers synapse with alpha motor neuron to contract synergistic muscle and synapses with interneuron to relax antagonist muscle
stretch reflex
group 1b fibers stimulate inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord to inhibit alpha motor neurons and relax synergistic muscle
golgi tendon reflex (clasp knife reflex)
innervated by group 2,3, and 4 fibers, causes ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension
flexor withdrawal reflex
