Exam 2 quizzes Flashcards
Most illicit drug users are in the ___ year-old age range?
18-25
In 1914, the passage of the ____ regulated use and dispensing of opioid drugs and cocaine.
Harrison Act
The Controlled Substances Act created ____ and established ___ of controlled substances
The DEA, Five schedules
Drug not found in nature
Amphetamines
Because of early theories equating addiction with ___,the drug ____ was not thought to be an addictive substance.
Physical dependence, Cocaine
According to the Schedule of controlled substances, substances considered Schedule !
Have no accepted medial use in the United States and have high abuse potential
The best animal model for studying reinforcing effects of drugs (and whether or not an animal will take a drug) is
self-administration
In general, drugs of abuse ___ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.
decrease (rats press the lever less)
According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer___, and those suffering from depression should prefer ___
alcohol, cocaine
The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures but does not include the
cerebellum
Freebasing
is especially dangerous because the ether used to extract the cocaine is highly flammable
Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking ____ and ___.
monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium channels
Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine
Vasoconstriction
Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by
releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm
Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by
reversing the transporter
Which of the following regarding mephedrone is false?
it is sold as a “legal high” and is legally to purchase online
Cocaine works to ___ transporters, while amphetamine and methamphetamine ___ transporters.
inhibit; reverse
Injection of ____ directly into the nucleus accumbens is reinforcing to an animal
amphetamine, cocaine
PET images of individuals who have been using psychostimulants demonstrate a reduction of ____ receptors. (figure 12.16)
D2
When cocaine and alcohol are taken together, an active metabolite (cocaethylene) is created
True
All of the following are naturally occurring opiates except for
heroin
heroin is
converted to morphine in the brain
Which of the following drugs would be considered a partial agonist?
buprenorphine
prescription opiate drugs are usually administered
orally
The most dangerous side effect of high dose opiate drugs is
the suppression of the brain stem’s respiratory center
What is the most often complained about side effect of prescription opioid pain killers? Hint: peripherally acting drugs like loperimide (immodium AD) were made to take advantage of this side effect
Slowing of gastrointestinal functions/motility
The μ-receptor (mu)
plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine
According to Figure 11.17 on page 325, a model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting
GABA
Tolerance to opiate effects
occur rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects
Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse?
It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously
The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is it’s conversion to
Acetaldehyde
Which of the following best represents the enzymatic steps involved in metabolism?
Alcohol-> alcohol dehydrogenase-> acetaldehyde-> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-> acetic acid
____ tolerance to alcohol results from a(n) ____ of liver enzymes.
Metabolic; induction
Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both ___ the effects of ____ at ____ receptors.
Enhance;GABA; GABAa
_____ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with extrasynaptic ___ likely also playing a role
Dopamine and the opioids; GABA
Nicotine self-administration
Depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for it’s reinforcing effects
Which receptors does nicotine bind to?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which are ionotropic and excitatory
Nicotine replacement therapy has employed all of the following formulations except for
Pill
Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts it’s stimulant effects at the synapse by
Blocking adenosine receptors
One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that
Alcohol-related impairment is still present although the individual may feel less intoxicated
In the 1930’s _____, the first commissioner of Narcotics spread an “antimarijuana” campaign to try to convince the public that marijuana is a social menace that could destroy American’s youths
Harry Anslinger
Which of the following are routes of administration for marijuana?
Smoked, oral injection
When did the first state in the United States legalize marijuana for medicinal use?
1996
The reinforcing and rewarding effects of THC (the major active ingredient in marijuana) are due to is pharmacodynamics effects, which includes:
Binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors (CB1) in the meso limbic pathway and acting as an agent, facilitating retrograde signaling.
Although people who use marijuana report feeling hunger often termed “the munchies”, drugs that block endogenous cannabinoid receptors actually ______.
Suppress feeding
True/False: Agonist activity of THC at CB1 receptors in the hippocampus results in memory impairment in animal models
True
Which of the following is an endogenous cannabinoid or “endocannabinoid”?
Anandamide, 2-arachiodonoylglycerol (2-AG)
Where (within the synapse) do cannabinoids work?
Presynaptically (on the cell surface of the terminal of the presynaptic cell)
Which of the following is TRUE about marijuana/THC according to chapter 14?
It is reinforcing to both humans and animals (meaning people and animals will self-administer it)
It produces impairment on memory (in both humans and animals)
It can produce tolerance, dépendance, and withdrawal.
True/False: you are more likely to try marijuana for the first time around age 25.
False
Adolescence and early adulthood are the peak times for initial marijuana use