Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs And Addiction > Exam 2 quizzes > Flashcards

Exam 2 quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Most illicit drug users are in the ___ year-old age range?

A

18-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In 1914, the passage of the ____ regulated use and dispensing of opioid drugs and cocaine.

A

Harrison Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Controlled Substances Act created ____ and established ___ of controlled substances

A

The DEA, Five schedules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drug not found in nature

A

Amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Because of early theories equating addiction with ___,the drug ____ was not thought to be an addictive substance.

A

Physical dependence, Cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to the Schedule of controlled substances, substances considered Schedule !

A

Have no accepted medial use in the United States and have high abuse potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The best animal model for studying reinforcing effects of drugs (and whether or not an animal will take a drug) is

A

self-administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In general, drugs of abuse ___ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.

A

decrease (rats press the lever less)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer___, and those suffering from depression should prefer ___

A

alcohol, cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures but does not include the

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Freebasing

A

is especially dangerous because the ether used to extract the cocaine is highly flammable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking ____ and ___.

A

monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine

A

Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by

A

releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by

A

reversing the transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following regarding mephedrone is false?

A

it is sold as a “legal high” and is legally to purchase online

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cocaine works to ___ transporters, while amphetamine and methamphetamine ___ transporters.

A

inhibit; reverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Injection of ____ directly into the nucleus accumbens is reinforcing to an animal

A

amphetamine, cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PET images of individuals who have been using psychostimulants demonstrate a reduction of ____ receptors. (figure 12.16)

A

D2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When cocaine and alcohol are taken together, an active metabolite (cocaethylene) is created

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All of the following are naturally occurring opiates except for

A

heroin

22
Q

heroin is

A

converted to morphine in the brain

23
Q

Which of the following drugs would be considered a partial agonist?

A

buprenorphine

24
Q

prescription opiate drugs are usually administered

A

orally

25
Q

The most dangerous side effect of high dose opiate drugs is

A

the suppression of the brain stem’s respiratory center

26
Q

What is the most often complained about side effect of prescription opioid pain killers? Hint: peripherally acting drugs like loperimide (immodium AD) were made to take advantage of this side effect

A

Slowing of gastrointestinal functions/motility

27
Q

The μ-receptor (mu)

A

plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine

28
Q

According to Figure 11.17 on page 325, a model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting

A

GABA

29
Q

Tolerance to opiate effects

A

occur rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects

30
Q

Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse?

A

It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously

31
Q

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is it’s conversion to

A

Acetaldehyde

32
Q

Which of the following best represents the enzymatic steps involved in metabolism?

A

Alcohol-> alcohol dehydrogenase-> acetaldehyde-> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-> acetic acid

33
Q

____ tolerance to alcohol results from a(n) ____ of liver enzymes.

A

Metabolic; induction

34
Q

Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both ___ the effects of ____ at ____ receptors.

A

Enhance;GABA; GABAa

35
Q

_____ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with extrasynaptic ___ likely also playing a role

A

Dopamine and the opioids; GABA

36
Q

Nicotine self-administration

A

Depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for it’s reinforcing effects

37
Q

Which receptors does nicotine bind to?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which are ionotropic and excitatory

38
Q

Nicotine replacement therapy has employed all of the following formulations except for

A

Pill

39
Q

Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts it’s stimulant effects at the synapse by

A

Blocking adenosine receptors

40
Q

One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that

A

Alcohol-related impairment is still present although the individual may feel less intoxicated

41
Q

In the 1930’s _____, the first commissioner of Narcotics spread an “antimarijuana” campaign to try to convince the public that marijuana is a social menace that could destroy American’s youths

A

Harry Anslinger

42
Q

Which of the following are routes of administration for marijuana?

A

Smoked, oral injection

43
Q

When did the first state in the United States legalize marijuana for medicinal use?

A

1996

44
Q

The reinforcing and rewarding effects of THC (the major active ingredient in marijuana) are due to is pharmacodynamics effects, which includes:

A

Binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors (CB1) in the meso limbic pathway and acting as an agent, facilitating retrograde signaling.

45
Q

Although people who use marijuana report feeling hunger often termed “the munchies”, drugs that block endogenous cannabinoid receptors actually ______.

A

Suppress feeding

46
Q

True/False: Agonist activity of THC at CB1 receptors in the hippocampus results in memory impairment in animal models

A

True

47
Q

Which of the following is an endogenous cannabinoid or “endocannabinoid”?

A

Anandamide, 2-arachiodonoylglycerol (2-AG)

48
Q

Where (within the synapse) do cannabinoids work?

A

Presynaptically (on the cell surface of the terminal of the presynaptic cell)

49
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about marijuana/THC according to chapter 14?

A

It is reinforcing to both humans and animals (meaning people and animals will self-administer it)

It produces impairment on memory (in both humans and animals)

It can produce tolerance, dépendance, and withdrawal.

50
Q

True/False: you are more likely to try marijuana for the first time around age 25.

A

False

Adolescence and early adulthood are the peak times for initial marijuana use

Drugs And Addiction (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions