Exam 2 pt1 (Anatomy of Ruminants, non-rum. Herbivores, and Monogastric)

Question 1

Reticulum

Answer 1

Gateway to rumen and omasum; dubbed the metal catcher/honeycomb; creates a bolus; gathers feed for rumination. Ruminants.

Question 2

Rumen/Paunch

Answer 2

Where fermentation occurs due to microbes, and absorption of microbial fermentation products (VFAs and ammonia). Ruminants.

Question 3

Omasum/Butcher’s Bible

Answer 3

Absorbs water and slows down rate of passage to the abomasum. Ruminants.

Question 4

Abomasum/True Stomach

Answer 4

In ruminants. Similar to monogastric stomach. Functions to store, mix, and breakdown materials. It’s a glandular component HCL.

Question 5

Prehension

Answer 5

the process of getting food into mouth

Question 6

Cattle Prehension

Answer 6

tongue

Question 7

Horse, sheep, and goats prehension

Answer 7

Lips and teeth

Question 8

Pigs Prehension

Answer 8

Lower lip, teeth and tongue

Question 9

Mouth (both ruminants and monogastrics)

Answer 9

Mastication (physical breakdown) and saliva production (chem breakdown and lube via amylase)

Question 10

Esophagus (both monogastrics and ruminants)

Answer 10

Functions to transport food to either the stomach or the rumen through the process of peristalsis.

Question 11

Reverse Perostalsis

Answer 11

Throwing up essentially. HORSES CANNOT DO THIS.

Question 12

Monogastric Stomach

Answer 12

Functions to store, mix, and breakdown food. Structure: cardia at the meeting of the esophagus. Fundus at the top, body in the middle, antrum at the bottom, and the pylorus connecting the stomach to the beginning of the SI (duodenum)

Question 13

Small Intestine (Monogastric and Ruminents)

Answer 13

Structure: 3 segments duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Has rigged brush border for more surface area
Function: chem breakdown via enzymes secreted by pancreas, gallbladder, and SI lining. Main function= absorption.

Question 14

Pancreas (both monogastric and ruminants)

Answer 14

Enzyme secretion for digestion
Lipase- lipids
Trypsin and chymotrypsin- proteins
Amylase- starch (carbs)

Question 15

Gallbladder (monogastric and ruminants)

Answer 15

Secretes bile to mix/emulsify fats

Question 16

Cecum (monogastric and ruminets)

Answer 16

Located at the junction of small and large intestines (appendix in humans). No function in most species beside horses.

Question 17

Large intestine (monogastric , non-ruminant herbivores, and ruminant)

Answer 17

Water absorption and phosphorus absorption

Question 18

The main non-ruminant herbivores

Answer 18

Horses and Rabbits

Question 19

Where is the bacterial pop. in non-ruminant herbivores?

Answer 19

The cecum/large intestine.

Question 20

Esophagus (horses)

Answer 20

50-60” long. CANNOT PREFORM REVERSE PERISTALSIS. Extreme muscle tone at the lower portion of the esophagus (cardiac sphincter)

Question 21

Stomach (horses)

Answer 21

Very small (8.5% of GIT capacity) with minimal bacterial fermentation or nutrition absorption.

Question 22

Small Intestine (Horses)

Answer 22

30% of the GIT capacity and about 60” long in mature horses. Same segments as monogastric (DJI)

Question 23

Digestion/Absorption of nutrients in SI (horses)

Answer 23

Carbs: Starch turns into glucouse, but because no microbes are present in the SI, cellulose not yet broken down.
Proteins, fats, vit, and mins are digested the same as in monogastric here.

Question 24

Do horses have a gallbladder?

Answer 24

NO. So, bile is sourced via a direct dribble of bile from the liver’s bile duct. This means you must limit the amount of fat in a horses diet.

Question 25

Cecum (Horses)

Answer 25

50-60% of the GIT capacity and functions like the rumen in ruminants. So, microbial fermentation occurs here and cellulose is broken down.

Question 26

Digestion/absorption in the cecum (horses)

Answer 26

Protein- degraded here like in cattle rumen.
Carbohydrates- fermented in cecum (VFA’s produced here and absorbed)
Vitamins- microbes synthesize vitamins E and K