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GAP Lecture Exam 2 > Exam 2 Pt 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Skeletal system?

A

To provide support and protection to the body

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2
Q

Differentiate axial from appendicular skeleton

A

Axial- Everything but the appendages

Appendicular- The appendages

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3
Q

Overall function of bone markings?

A

They serve as an attachment site

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4
Q

3 Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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5
Q

Hyaline function and distribution

A

Used to form and absorb shock and reduce friction

Found at the end of long bones

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6
Q

Fibrocartilage function and distribution

A

Resists tension and compression

Found in meniscus, intervertebral disks

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7
Q

Elastic function and distribution

A

Provides flexibility

Found in external ear, Epiglottis

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8
Q

Bone membranes

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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9
Q

Location and function of periosteum

A

Tough outer layer of bone

Serves as protection and a channel for blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue

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10
Q

Location and function of endosteum

A

Covers internal surfaces of the medullary cavity

Bone growth and repair

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11
Q

Compact Bone

A

Forms superficial aspect of all types of bone
Especially thickened in diaphysis
More thin in epiphyseal regions
Gives bones tree ring appearance

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12
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Forms deeper portion of all bones

Irregularly arranged osteons, giving it a honeycomb look

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13
Q

Differentiate ligaments vs. tendons

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone

Tendons attach muscle to bone

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14
Q

Define Hemopoeisis

A

The production of all blood cells

Takes place in red bone marrow

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15
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Humerus
Femur
Phalanges
Radius

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16
Q

Examples of Short bones

A

Carpals
Tarsals
Patella

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17
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Skull bones (parietal, frontal)

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18
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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19
Q

Components of long bones

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
MEdullary cavity
Periosteum
Endosteum
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20
Q

Function and location of red bone marrow

A

Found in areas with spongy bone

Produces all blood cells

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21
Q

Function and location of yellow bone marrow

A

Found in medullary cavities in diaphysis of adult long bones

Energy storage

22
Q

Microscopic components of compact bone

A

Central canal
Concentric Lamellae
Lucunae
Canaliculi

23
Q

Define Trabeculae

A

Irregular projections of spongy bone

24
Q

What is the chemical composition of bone

A

Organic: collagen, proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite

25
Q

Where compact bone is thick

A

Diaphysis

26
Q

Where compact bone is thin

A

Epiphysis

27
Q

Osteon placement in compact bone

A

Regularly aligned, parallel and densly packed

which gives it a tree ring appearence

28
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft or long parts of bone

29
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

Head or ends of bones

30
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis

31
Q

What is the epiphyseal line

A

ossified growth plate found in adult bones

32
Q

What is the medullary cavity

A

opening in the diaphysis containing bone marrow

33
Q

Where is compact bone found

A

Superficial layer of all bones

34
Q

Intersitital bone growth

A

Describes how bones grow length wise to become longer

35
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

Describes how bones become wider and thicker

36
Q

When does interstitial growth happen

A

Usually until after puberty

37
Q

When does appositional growth happen

A

Throughout your lifetime

38
Q

The impact of mechanical stress on bone growth

A

Mechanical stress, such as exersize, can cause bone to “stretch” because of the tension of pulling muscles at attachment sites

39
Q

Sex hormones on bone growth

A

Estrogen and Testosterone accelerate bone growth at puberty but also signal for the closure of the epiphyseal plate

40
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone on blood calcium and bone growth

A

parathyroid is released from the parathyroid gland when calcium is low. This stimulates osteocalsts to break down bone

41
Q

What hormone is released when calcium is low

A

parathyroid

42
Q

What cell breaks down bone

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

Role of calcitriol on blood calcium and bone growth

A

Calcitriol is released from the thyroid gland when calcium is high. This inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone

44
Q

What hormone is released when calcium is high

A

Calcitriol

45
Q

Method of embryonic bone development

A

Intramembranous ossification

46
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

Bone formation from sheeets of membranous mesenchymal tissue

47
Q

Role of osteoblasts

A

To form bone/matrix

48
Q

Role os osteoclasts

A

To break down/ dissolve bone/ matrix

49
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

50
Q

Inorganic components of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

GAP Lecture Exam 2 (5 decks)

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