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Senior Year > Exam 2 Psych > Flashcards

Exam 2 Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Fight-or-flight response

A

physical and psychological responses to a threat

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(sympathetic division) controls the adrenal cortical system

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3
Q

adrenal-cortical system

A

releases cortisol, the main stress hormone

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4
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

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5
Q

Panic Disorder Criteria

A

Short, intense periods of anxiety symptoms

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6
Q

Panic Disorder Course

A

Chronic

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7
Q

Treatment for panic disorder: biological

A

medication affecting serotonin and norepinephrine, benzodiazepines,
(Relapse is present when being taken off the drugs)

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8
Q

Treatment for panic disorder: CBT

A

confronts the symptoms that lead to panic attacks: relaxation, breathing exercises, identifying and challenging the cognitions, systematic desensitization

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9
Q

Theories of panic disorder: cognitive

A
  • anxiety sensitivity: believe bodily symptoms have harmful consequences
  • interoceptive awareness: heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a panic attack is coming
  • interoceptive conditioning: view bodily cues as signaling new attacks
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10
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): criteria and symptoms

A

Uncontrollable excessive anxiety or worry that causes distress or impairs functioning

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11
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): comorbid disorders

A

90% of people with GAD have another disorder

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12
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): course

A

Chronic course

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13
Q

Theories of GAD: emotional factors,

A

More intense negative emotions may not manageable

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14
Q

Theories of GAD: cognitive factors

A

Making more maladaptive assumptions, preparing for the worst
and a need to know what is happening in the future/possible threats

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15
Q

Theories of GAD: biological factors

A

Deficiency in GABA
Heritability

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16
Q

Treatment for GAD: CBT

A

confronting the most worrisome issues by challenging catastrophizing thoughts and developing coping strategies

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17
Q

Treatment for GAD: biological treatments

A

Benzodiazepines: anti-anxiety, highly addictive
Tricyclic: imipramine
SSRI: paroxetine (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor)

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18
Q

Social anxiety disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

Having anxiety in social situations is debilitating
people will avoid social situations
from fear of being rejected, judged, and humiliated
Most common fear: public speaking

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19
Q

Social anxiety disorder: course

A

Chronic course

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20
Q

Social anxiety disorder: comorbid disorders

A

Comorbid with mood or other anxiety disorders

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21
Q

Theories of social anxiety disorder: genetic factors

A

tends to run in families

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22
Q

Theories of social anxiety disorder: Cognitive Perspective:

A

Excessively high standards for social performance creating a focus on negative aspects of social interactions

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23
Q

Treatment for social anxiety disorder: biological

A

SSRIs & SNRIs: once people stop using medication, symptoms return (not a cure)

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24
Q

Treatment for social anxiety disorder: CBT

A

Identify and dispute negative cognitions by exposing them to social situations to challenge them such as
Group therapy that helps normalize their behavior and practice social situations

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25
Q

Treatment for social anxiety disorder: Mindfulness

A

help people relax in the moment and accept anxiety or observe it

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26
Q

Specific phobias: criteria and symptoms

A

Unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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27
Q

Specific phobias: 5 DSM-5 categories

A

Animal
Natural environment
Situational type (like public transportation, elevators, flying, bridges)
Blood-injection type (blood or injuries)

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28
Q

Specific phobias: agoraphobia

A

people fear places where they might have trouble escaping or getting help or that they will embarrass themselves there

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29
Q

Theories of specific phobias: behavioral (classical conditioning, negative reinforcement, prepared classical conditioning)

A

Classical conditioning: to fear certain objects or situations
Negative reinforcement: the feared thing may have been attached to a bad experience
prepared classical conditioning: evolution caused rapid conditioning of fear of certain objects/ stimulation to help us survive

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30
Q

Theories of specific phobias: biological

A

Related people share phobias

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31
Q

Treatment of specific phobias (types of behavioral treatments): exposure

A

Systematic desensitization (exposure to extinguish the person’s fear of the thing)
modeling of compliance with the object or situation
flooding (no prep or warning with flooding)

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32
Q

Treatment of specific phobias: applied tension technique

A

(for the phobia of blood or needles) increased blood pressure and heart rate to learn how to relax muscles and HR

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33
Q

Treatment of specific phobias: benzodiazepines

A

they don’t solve problems they just prevent the internal reaction

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34
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): criteria and symptoms,

A

Obsessions are uncontrollable and the compulsions are repetitive. thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses to counteract a obsession

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35
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): course

A

Chronic

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36
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comorbid disorders

A

depression and substance abuse

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37
Q

Hoarding disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

uncontrollable urges to keep items that have no utility or instrumental value

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38
Q

Hoarding disorder: course

A

Chronic

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39
Q

Hoarding disorder: comorbid disorders

A

depression, social anxiety, and GAD

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40
Q

Symptoms of trichotillomania

A

Repetitive pulling out of hair resulting in noticeable hair loss

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41
Q

Symptoms of excoriation

A

recurrent picking at skin creating significant lesions or scars that can become infected.

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42
Q

Symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder

A

excessively preoccupied with a part of their body that they believe is defective others seem normally

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43
Q

Theories of OCD: biological theories

A
  • dysfunction in a circuit in the brain that involves motor behavior, cognition, and emotion
  • Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis
  • Serotonin might play a role, learned by those who take SSRIs have improved results of these disorders
  • Genetic component
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44
Q

Theories of OCD: cognitive theories

A
  • People with chronic depression or anxiety seem to have a higher prevalence of OCD
  • Rigid or moralistic thinking can lead to OCD
  • People who believe that they should be able to control their thoughts are more likely to have OCD
  • Compulsion can be due to operant conditioning
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45
Q

Treatment of OCD: biological treatments

A

antidepressants, serotonin-enhancing drugs

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46
Q

Treatment of OCD: CBT

A

expose the client to the bulk of their obsession and prevent them from engaging in the compulsion or challenge maladaptive cognitions

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47
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): criteria and symptoms

A

Consequence of an extreme stressor

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48
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): types of traumas that lead to PTSD

A

natural disasters, human-made disasters, traumatic events, sexual assault (threat to your physical well-being)

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49
Q

Symptoms of acute stress disorder

A

symptoms arise within 1 month of exposure to the stressor and last less than 4 weeks (traumatic stressor)

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50
Q

Symptoms of adjustment disorder

A

emotional and behavioral symptoms arise within 3 months of the stressor (any type of stressor)

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51
Q

Theories of PTSD: environmental/social

A

severity, duration, proximity to trauma, social support

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52
Q

Theories of PTSD: psychological

A

pre-existing anxiety/depression, existing coping strategies (disassociation, substance use)

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53
Q

Theories of PTSD: biological

A

neuroimaging findings show that their brains are more reactive to emotional stimuli
lower resting levels of cortisol and exaggerated physiological responses to stress
Genetics: vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited

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54
Q

Treatment of PTSD: CBT and stress management

A
  • systematic desensitization (exposure to stressor)
  • stress-inoculation therapy (focus on coping strategies for general stressors in their life)
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55
Q

Treatment of PTSD: biological treatments

A

SSRIs and Benzodiazepines (less effective)

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56
Q

Separation anxiety disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

extreme anxiety when (or thinking of) separated from caregivers and is developmentally inappropriate; often leads to avoidance or sickness/nausea in the child
persists for at least 4 weeks

57
Q

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD): criteria and symptoms

A

People experience significant physical symptoms with no organic cause

58
Q

Illness anxiety disorder (IAD): criteria and symptoms

A
  • High anxiety about having or developing a serious illness (no actual physical symptoms)
  • Must be present for 6 months
59
Q

Theories of SSD and IAD: cognitive factors

A

people with these disorders share a dysfunctional belief about illness or disease and pay more attention to physical symptoms

60
Q

Theories of SSD and IAD: psychological factors

A

PTSD increases risk, and stressful events can also increase the likelihood

61
Q

Treatment of SSD and IAD: behavioral therapies

A

identify and eliminate reinforcements from symptoms

62
Q

Treatment of SSD and IAD: cognitive therapies

A

people learn to interpret physical symptoms to avoid catastrophizing them

63
Q

Treatment of SSD and IAD: Psychodynamic

A

provide insight into links between emotions and physical symptoms, challenge people’s thoughts about physical symptoms

64
Q

Treatment of SSD and IAD: CBT

A

identifying and challenging illness beliefs (convincing them to go to therapy) and exposing clients to anxiety triggers

65
Q

Functional neurological symptom disorder: criteria and symptoms

A
  • loss of neurological functioning in a part of the body
  • one specific symptom; glove anesthesia (loss of all feeling in the hand)
66
Q

Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder: psychodynamic theories

A

Loss of neurologic functioning in a part of the body (no physical cause)
Usually has one specific symptom

67
Q

Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder: behavioral theories

A

learned maladaptive behavior that is reinforced by the environment
example:
Le belle indifference (soldiers emulate others’ injuries)

68
Q

Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder:
neurological theories

A

Sensory or motor areas of the brain are impaired

69
Q

Treatment for functional neurological symptom disorder: psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • transfer of the psychic energy attached to repressed emotions
  • primary gain of these symptoms is to reduce anxiety
  • secondary gain is being relieved of obligation or attention from other
70
Q

Treatment for functional neurological symptom disorder: CBT

A
  • systematic desensitization or exposure therapy
  • focus on relieving client’s anxiety
  • Reducing any benefits (ex: attention, even if they’re not seeking it)
71
Q

Factitious disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

deliberate faking of an illness to gain medical attention
Called munchhausen’s syndrom

72
Q

Factitious disorder: factitious disorder imposed on another

A

falsifying illness on another person
Called munchhausen’s syndrome by Poxi

73
Q

Malingering definition

A

faking a symptom or a disorder to avoid an unwanted situation or gain something (not a disordering the DSM)

74
Q

Dissociation

A

components of mental experience are split from consciousness

75
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID): criteria and symptoms

A

The presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states in an individual
Amnesia is common (memory lapses due to changes in alter)

76
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID): course

A

chronic

77
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID): onset

A

childhood

78
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID): comorbid disorders

A

depression, PTSD (most common), substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder

79
Q

Theories of DID: trauma

A

Result of coping with intolerable trauma

80
Q

Treatment of DID; 3-phase trauma-focused therapy

A

1 phase: safety issues, stabilize symptoms, establish a therapeutic alliance
2 phase: processing, grieving, and resolving trauma
3: integrate dissociated self-states (make states become aware of each other)

81
Q

Dissociative amnesia: criteria and symptoms

A

Inability to recall autobiographical info
Related to stress

82
Q

Dissociative amnesia: psychogenic amnesia

A

has psychological causes (unlike organic amnesia, which is caused by biological factors)

83
Q

Dissociative amnesia: retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember information from the past

84
Q

Dissociative amnesia: dissociative fugue

A

Travels to a new place and assumes new identity; No memory of the previous identity

85
Q

Theories of dissociative amnesia: intolerable memories or stress

A
  • defense against intolerable memories or stress
  • Arousal impacts memory encoding
  • Complications due to cases of faking amnesia
86
Q

Treatment for dissociative amnesia and fugue

A

psychotherapy to help the person identify the stressors leading to the fugue state and learn better coping skills

87
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

Frequent episodes of feeling detached from one’s own mental processes or body

88
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder: causes

A

Stress, sleep deprivation, or drugs

89
Q

Mood disorder definition

A

severe disruptions in mood for long periods of time

90
Q

Mood State: depression

A

extraordinary feelings of sadness

91
Q

Mood state: mania

A

intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement

92
Q

Symptoms of depression

A
  1. depressed mood
  2. anhedonia (no interest in activities they used to enjoy)
  3. physical and/or psychomotor
  4. cognitive (worthlessness, guilt)
  5. severe (delusions, hallucinations, suicide)
93
Q

Major depressive disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

Depressive symptoms last two weeks or more
5 of 9 symptoms to be diagnosed

94
Q

Major depressive disorder: single episode

A

when people have had one episode, it is more likely for them to experience it again

95
Q

Major depressive disorder: recurrent episode

A

have to have two consecutive months of no episodes

96
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: anxious distress

A

prominent anxiety symptoms

97
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: mixed features

A

3 or more manic symptoms (not criteria for full manic episode)

98
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: melancholic features

A

prominent physiological symptoms

99
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: psychotic features

A

delusions and hallucinations that are mood congruent (consistent with depressive things) or mood incongruent (not consistent with depressive things)

100
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: catatonic features

A

strange physical behaviors
Ex: complete lack of movement, extreme agitation

101
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: atypical features

A

odd assortment of symptoms (not necessarily unusual, just weird group of symptoms)

102
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: seasonal pattern

A

November - February. US prevalence = 5%

103
Q

Major depressive disorder specifiers: peripartum onset

A

onset during pregnancy or 4 weeks after childbirth (postpartum)

104
Q

Persistent depressive disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

Experience depressed mood for most of the days of the week for two years
At least 2 of 5 symptoms: poor appetite, low energy/concentration, low self esteem, hopelessness, less sleep

105
Q

Persistent depressive disorder: course

A

chronic

106
Q

Persistent depressive disorder: comorbid conditions

A

anxiety and/ or substance use

107
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: criteria and symptoms

A

5 symptoms: physical, affective, behavioral (one needs to be instability in emotion)
Week before menstrual cycle
Distress or impairment in functioning

108
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: comorbid conditions

A

GAD, agoraphobia, social phobia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, major depression, and bipolar disorder

109
Q

Disruptive mood regulation disorder: criteria and symptoms

A
  • severe and chronic irritation, persistent negative mood, temper outbursts
  • ages 6-18
110
Q

Disruptive mood regulation disorder: course

A
111
Q

Disruptive mood regulation disorder: comorbid conditions

A

ODD, conduct disorder, ADHD, depression

112
Q

Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: symptoms

A

Symptom presentation can differ from adults

113
Q

Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: age differences

A

Prevalence increases with age (don’t need to know percentages)

114
Q

Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: comorbid conditions

A

ADHD, anxiety disorders, disruptive disorders, substance use, enuresis/ encopresis (wet bedding)

115
Q

Course of major depressive disorder

A

chronic

116
Q

Symptoms of mania, criteria for manic episode

A

behavior/cognitve: impulsive behaviors, rapid speech, and racing thoughts
“Flight of ideas”- Sometimes speech becomes incoherent with acceleration
Grandiosity- inflated self-esteem

physical: increased energy; decreased sleep and appetite

117
Q

Criteria for manic episode

A
  • abnormally persistent elevated or irritable mood with goal-directed activity or energy
  • Behavior should last least 1 week
118
Q

Bipolar I disorder: symptoms, criteria

A

mood: Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
mania: Present for than 1 week
Interferes with function
delusions/ hallucinations

119
Q

Bipolar II disorder: symptoms, criteria

A

mood: Severe depression
mania: Hypomania- mania with less severe symptoms
Mania present for 4 days

120
Q

Cyclothymic disorder: symptoms, criteria

A

mood: Less severe but more chronic bipolar condition; Rapid cycling bipolar 1 or bipolar 2
disorder
mania: 4 or more mood episodes within 1 year

121
Q

Cyclothymic disorder: defining feature

A
  • hypomanic and depressive symptoms are of
    insufficient number, severity, or duration to meet full criteria for hypomania or major depressive episode, respectively
  • During the periods of hypomanic symptoms, the person may be able to function reasonably well
122
Q

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: symptoms, criteria

A

4 or more mood episodes that meet criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode within 1 year lead to a diagnosis

123
Q

Bipolar disorder in children: symptoms

A
124
Q

Course of bipolar disorder

A
125
Q

Theories of depression: genetic factor

A
  • Strong genetic component (if first relative has depression: 3-4x more likely to have it)
  • Polygenic
  • Serotonin transporter gene
126
Q

Theories of depression: neurontransmitters

A
  • dysregulation of norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Abnormal synthesis of norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Abnormal release process into the synapse
  • Malfunctioning receptors on postsynaptic neuron
127
Q

Theories of depression: structural and functional brain abnormlities

A
128
Q

Theories of depression: neuroendocrine factors

A
129
Q

Theories of depression: gut microbiome and inflammation

A
  • abundance of bacteroides may influence the release serotonin and GABA
  • disruption of the microbial gut balance (dysbiosis) may lead to imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammation or heightened activity of the HPA axis that regulates the stress response
130
Q

Theories of depression: behavioral theories

A
  • Life stress reduces positive reinforcement in a person’s life
  • Learned helplessness theory (uncontrollable negative elements lead to depression or less psychological flexibility when met with a set of demands)
131
Q

Theories of depression: cognitive theories

A
  • Negative cognition triad: negative views of self, the world, or the future will lead to depression
  • Reformulated learned helplessness theory: causes of negative events are internal, stable, and global: creating hopelessness depression
    ** Ruminative response style**: focus intently on how they feel
132
Q

Theories of depression: interpersonal theories

A

interpersonal stress can trigger symptoms of depression, this depression can lead to further interpersonal conflict (a cycle) or a rejection sensitivity

133
Q

Theories of depression: sociocultural theories

A
  • cohort effects are when historical changes put recent generations at higher risk of depression
  • Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression
  • African Americans experience more stress than other groups
134
Q

Theories of bipolar disorder: genetic factors

A

5-10x more likely to have it if your relative does

135
Q

Theories of bipolar disorder: structural and functional brain abnormalities

A
  • Brain abnormalities: altered structure and functioning of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
  • Basal ganglia: involved in the abnormal response to environmental rewards (over sensitive to seeking reward)
136
Q

Theories of bipolar disorder: neurotransmitter factors

A

dysregulation of the dopamine system, they are over-sensitive to wanting dopamine when manic and under-sensitive when in a depressive episode)

137
Q

Theories of bipolar disorder: psychosocial factors

A
  • Greater sensitivity to rewards
  • Increased stress (positive and negative)
  • Disruptions in routines: daily routines disrupted can be a trigger to bipolar disorder
138
Q

Treatment of mood disorders: biological treatments

A
  • SSRIs which act on serotonin. And SNRIs which acts on norepinephrine reuptake
  • Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
  • Tricyclic antidepressants (but avoided because of side effects)
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): not used very often because of the side effects
139
Q

Treatment of mood disorders: psychological treatments

A

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