Exam 2 Psych Flashcards
1
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Fight-or-flight response
A
physical and psychological responses to a threat
2
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
(sympathetic division) controls the adrenal cortical system
3
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adrenal-cortical system
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releases cortisol, the main stress hormone
4
Q
panic disorder
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recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
5
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Panic Disorder Criteria
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Short, intense periods of anxiety symptoms
6
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Panic Disorder Course
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Chronic
7
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Treatment for panic disorder: biological
A
medication affecting serotonin and norepinephrine, benzodiazepines,
(Relapse is present when being taken off the drugs)
8
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Treatment for panic disorder: CBT
A
confronts the symptoms that lead to panic attacks: relaxation, breathing exercises, identifying and challenging the cognitions, systematic desensitization
9
Q
Theories of panic disorder: cognitive
A
- anxiety sensitivity: believe bodily symptoms have harmful consequences
- interoceptive awareness: heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a panic attack is coming
- interoceptive conditioning: view bodily cues as signaling new attacks
10
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): criteria and symptoms
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Uncontrollable excessive anxiety or worry that causes distress or impairs functioning
11
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): comorbid disorders
A
90% of people with GAD have another disorder
12
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): course
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Chronic course
13
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Theories of GAD: emotional factors,
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More intense negative emotions may not manageable
14
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Theories of GAD: cognitive factors
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Making more maladaptive assumptions, preparing for the worst
and a need to know what is happening in the future/possible threats
15
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Theories of GAD: biological factors
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Deficiency in GABA
Heritability
16
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Treatment for GAD: CBT
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confronting the most worrisome issues by challenging catastrophizing thoughts and developing coping strategies
17
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Treatment for GAD: biological treatments
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Benzodiazepines: anti-anxiety, highly addictive
Tricyclic: imipramine
SSRI: paroxetine (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor)
18
Q
Social anxiety disorder: criteria and symptoms
A
Having anxiety in social situations is debilitating
people will avoid social situations
from fear of being rejected, judged, and humiliated
Most common fear: public speaking
19
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Social anxiety disorder: course
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Chronic course
20
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Social anxiety disorder: comorbid disorders
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Comorbid with mood or other anxiety disorders
21
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Theories of social anxiety disorder: genetic factors
A
tends to run in families
22
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Theories of social anxiety disorder: Cognitive Perspective:
A
Excessively high standards for social performance creating a focus on negative aspects of social interactions
23
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Treatment for social anxiety disorder: biological
A
SSRIs & SNRIs: once people stop using medication, symptoms return (not a cure)
24
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Treatment for social anxiety disorder: CBT
A
Identify and dispute negative cognitions by exposing them to social situations to challenge them such as
Group therapy that helps normalize their behavior and practice social situations
25
Treatment for social anxiety disorder: Mindfulness
help people relax in the moment and accept anxiety or observe it
26
Specific phobias: criteria and symptoms
Unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations
27
Specific phobias: 5 DSM-5 categories
Animal
Natural environment
Situational type (like public transportation, elevators, flying, bridges)
Blood-injection type (blood or injuries)
28
Specific phobias: agoraphobia
people fear places where they might have trouble escaping or getting help or that they will embarrass themselves there
29
Theories of specific phobias: behavioral (classical conditioning, negative reinforcement, prepared classical conditioning)
**Classical conditioning**: to fear certain objects or situations
**Negative reinforcement:** the feared thing may have been attached to a bad experience
**prepared classical conditioning**: evolution caused rapid conditioning of fear of certain objects/ stimulation to help us survive
30
Theories of specific phobias: biological
Related people share phobias
31
Treatment of specific phobias (types of behavioral treatments): exposure
**Systematic desensitization** (exposure to extinguish the person's fear of the thing)
**modeling** of compliance with the object or situation
**flooding** (no prep or warning with flooding)
32
Treatment of specific phobias: applied tension technique
(for the phobia of blood or needles) increased blood pressure and heart rate to learn how to relax muscles and HR
33
Treatment of specific phobias: benzodiazepines
they don't solve problems they just prevent the internal reaction
34
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): criteria and symptoms,
Obsessions are uncontrollable and the compulsions are repetitive. thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses to counteract a obsession
35
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): course
Chronic
36
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comorbid disorders
depression and substance abuse
37
Hoarding disorder: criteria and symptoms
uncontrollable urges to keep items that have no utility or instrumental value
38
Hoarding disorder: course
Chronic
39
Hoarding disorder: comorbid disorders
depression, social anxiety, and GAD
40
Symptoms of trichotillomania
Repetitive pulling out of hair resulting in noticeable hair loss
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Symptoms of excoriation
recurrent picking at skin creating significant lesions or scars that can become infected.
42
Symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder
excessively preoccupied with a part of their body that they believe is defective others seem normally
43
Theories of OCD: biological theories
* dysfunction in a circuit in the brain that involves motor behavior, cognition, and emotion
* Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis
* Serotonin might play a role, learned by those who take SSRIs have improved results of these disorders
* Genetic component
44
Theories of OCD: cognitive theories
* People with chronic depression or anxiety seem to have a higher prevalence of OCD
* Rigid or moralistic thinking can lead to OCD
* People who believe that they should be able to control their thoughts are more likely to have OCD
* Compulsion can be due to operant conditioning
45
Treatment of OCD: biological treatments
antidepressants, serotonin-enhancing drugs
46
Treatment of OCD: CBT
expose the client to the bulk of their obsession and prevent them from engaging in the compulsion or challenge maladaptive cognitions
47
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): criteria and symptoms
Consequence of an extreme stressor
48
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): types of traumas that lead to PTSD
natural disasters, human-made disasters, traumatic events, sexual assault (threat to your physical well-being)
49
Symptoms of acute stress disorder
symptoms arise within 1 month of exposure to the stressor and last less than 4 weeks (traumatic stressor)
50
Symptoms of adjustment disorder
emotional and behavioral symptoms arise within 3 months of the stressor (any type of stressor)
51
Theories of PTSD: environmental/social
severity, duration, proximity to trauma, social support
52
Theories of PTSD: psychological
pre-existing anxiety/depression, existing coping strategies (disassociation, substance use)
53
Theories of PTSD: biological
neuroimaging findings show that their brains are more reactive to emotional stimuli
lower resting levels of cortisol and exaggerated physiological responses to stress
Genetics: vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited
54
Treatment of PTSD: CBT and stress management
* systematic desensitization (exposure to stressor)
* stress-inoculation therapy (focus on coping strategies for general stressors in their life)
55
Treatment of PTSD: biological treatments
SSRIs and Benzodiazepines (less effective)
56
Separation anxiety disorder: criteria and symptoms
extreme anxiety when (or thinking of) separated from caregivers and is developmentally inappropriate; often leads to avoidance or sickness/nausea in the child
persists for at least 4 weeks
57
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD): criteria and symptoms
People experience significant physical symptoms with no organic cause
58
Illness anxiety disorder (IAD): criteria and symptoms
* High anxiety about having or developing a serious illness (no actual physical symptoms)
* Must be present for 6 months
59
Theories of SSD and IAD: cognitive factors
people with these disorders share a dysfunctional belief about illness or disease and pay more attention to physical symptoms
60
Theories of SSD and IAD: psychological factors
PTSD increases risk, and stressful events can also increase the likelihood
61
Treatment of SSD and IAD: behavioral therapies
identify and eliminate reinforcements from symptoms
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Treatment of SSD and IAD: cognitive therapies
people learn to interpret physical symptoms to avoid catastrophizing them
63
Treatment of SSD and IAD: Psychodynamic
provide insight into links between emotions and physical symptoms, challenge people's thoughts about physical symptoms
64
Treatment of SSD and IAD: CBT
identifying and challenging illness beliefs (convincing them to go to therapy) and exposing clients to anxiety triggers
65
Functional neurological symptom disorder: criteria and symptoms
* loss of neurological functioning in a part of the body
* one specific symptom; glove anesthesia (loss of all feeling in the hand)
66
Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder: psychodynamic theories
Loss of neurologic functioning in a part of the body (no physical cause)
Usually has one specific symptom
67
Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder: behavioral theories
learned maladaptive behavior that is reinforced by the environment
example:
Le belle indifference (soldiers emulate others' injuries)
68
Theories of functional neurological symptom disorder:
neurological theories
Sensory or motor areas of the brain are impaired
69
Treatment for functional neurological symptom disorder: psychoanalytic therapy
* transfer of the psychic energy attached to repressed emotions
* primary gain of these symptoms is to reduce anxiety
* secondary gain is being relieved of obligation or attention from other
70
Treatment for functional neurological symptom disorder: CBT
* systematic desensitization or exposure therapy
* focus on relieving client’s anxiety
* Reducing any benefits (ex: attention, even if they’re not seeking it)
71
Factitious disorder: criteria and symptoms
deliberate faking of an illness to gain medical attention
Called munchhausen’s syndrom
72
Factitious disorder: factitious disorder imposed on another
falsifying illness on another person
Called munchhausen's syndrome by Poxi
73
Malingering definition
faking a symptom or a disorder to avoid an unwanted situation or gain something (not a disordering the DSM)
74
Dissociation
components of mental experience are split from consciousness
75
Dissociative identity disorder (DID): criteria and symptoms
The presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states in an individual
Amnesia is common (memory lapses due to changes in alter)
76
Dissociative identity disorder (DID): course
chronic
77
Dissociative identity disorder (DID): onset
childhood
78
Dissociative identity disorder (DID): comorbid disorders
depression, PTSD (most common), substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder
79
Theories of DID: trauma
Result of coping with intolerable trauma
80
Treatment of DID; 3-phase trauma-focused therapy
1 phase: safety issues, stabilize symptoms, establish a therapeutic alliance
2 phase: processing, grieving, and resolving trauma
3: integrate dissociated self-states (make states become aware of each other)
81
Dissociative amnesia: criteria and symptoms
Inability to recall autobiographical info
Related to stress
82
Dissociative amnesia: psychogenic amnesia
has psychological causes (unlike organic amnesia, which is caused by biological factors)
83
Dissociative amnesia: retrograde amnesia
inability to remember information from the past
84
Dissociative amnesia: dissociative fugue
Travels to a new place and assumes new identity; No memory of the previous identity
85
Theories of dissociative amnesia: intolerable memories or stress
* defense against intolerable memories or stress
* Arousal impacts memory encoding
* Complications due to cases of faking amnesia
86
Treatment for dissociative amnesia and fugue
psychotherapy to help the person identify the stressors leading to the fugue state and learn better coping skills
87
Depersonalization/derealization disorder: criteria and symptoms
Frequent episodes of feeling detached from one’s own mental processes or body
88
Depersonalization/derealization disorder: causes
Stress, sleep deprivation, or drugs
89
Mood disorder definition
severe disruptions in mood for long periods of time
90
Mood State: depression
extraordinary feelings of sadness
91
Mood state: mania
intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement
92
Symptoms of depression
1. depressed mood
2. anhedonia (no interest in activities they used to enjoy)
3. physical and/or psychomotor
4. cognitive (worthlessness, guilt)
5. severe (delusions, hallucinations, suicide)
93
Major depressive disorder: criteria and symptoms
Depressive symptoms last two weeks or more
5 of 9 symptoms to be diagnosed
94
Major depressive disorder: single episode
when people have had one episode, it is more likely for them to experience it again
95
Major depressive disorder: recurrent episode
have to have two consecutive months of no episodes
96
Major depressive disorder specifiers: anxious distress
prominent anxiety symptoms
97
Major depressive disorder specifiers: mixed features
3 or more manic symptoms (not criteria for full manic episode)
98
Major depressive disorder specifiers: melancholic features
prominent physiological symptoms
99
Major depressive disorder specifiers: psychotic features
delusions and hallucinations that are mood congruent (consistent with depressive things) or mood incongruent (not consistent with depressive things)
100
Major depressive disorder specifiers: catatonic features
strange physical behaviors
Ex: complete lack of movement, extreme agitation
101
Major depressive disorder specifiers: atypical features
odd assortment of symptoms (not necessarily unusual, just weird group of symptoms)
102
Major depressive disorder specifiers: seasonal pattern
November - February. US prevalence = 5%
103
Major depressive disorder specifiers: peripartum onset
onset during pregnancy or 4 weeks after childbirth (postpartum)
104
Persistent depressive disorder: criteria and symptoms
Experience depressed mood for most of the days of the week for two years
At least 2 of 5 symptoms: poor appetite, low energy/concentration, low self esteem, hopelessness, less sleep
105
Persistent depressive disorder: course
chronic
106
Persistent depressive disorder: comorbid conditions
anxiety and/ or substance use
107
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: criteria and symptoms
5 symptoms: physical, affective, behavioral (one needs to be instability in emotion)
Week before menstrual cycle
Distress or impairment in functioning
108
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: comorbid conditions
GAD, agoraphobia, social phobia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, major depression, and bipolar disorder
109
Disruptive mood regulation disorder: criteria and symptoms
* severe and chronic irritation, persistent negative mood, temper outbursts
* ages 6-18
110
Disruptive mood regulation disorder: course
111
Disruptive mood regulation disorder: comorbid conditions
ODD, conduct disorder, ADHD, depression
112
Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: symptoms
Symptom presentation can differ from adults
113
Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: age differences
Prevalence increases with age (don't need to know percentages)
114
Major depressive disorder in children/adolescents: comorbid conditions
ADHD, anxiety disorders, disruptive disorders, substance use, enuresis/ encopresis (wet bedding)
115
Course of major depressive disorder
chronic
116
Symptoms of mania, criteria for manic episode
**behavior/cognitve:** impulsive behaviors, rapid speech, and racing thoughts
“Flight of ideas”- Sometimes speech becomes incoherent with acceleration
Grandiosity- inflated self-esteem
physical: increased energy; decreased sleep and appetite
117
Criteria for manic episode
* abnormally persistent elevated or irritable mood with goal-directed activity or energy
* Behavior should last least 1 week
118
Bipolar I disorder: symptoms, criteria
**mood**: Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
**mania**: Present for than 1 week
Interferes with function
delusions/ hallucinations
119
Bipolar II disorder: symptoms, criteria
**mood**: Severe depression
**mania**: Hypomania- mania with less severe symptoms
Mania present for 4 days
120
Cyclothymic disorder: symptoms, criteria
**mood**: Less severe but more chronic bipolar condition; Rapid cycling bipolar 1 or bipolar 2
disorder
**mania**: 4 or more mood episodes within 1 year
121
Cyclothymic disorder: defining feature
* hypomanic and depressive symptoms are of
insufficient number, severity, or duration to meet full criteria for hypomania or major depressive episode, respectively
* During the periods of hypomanic symptoms, the person may be able to function reasonably well
122
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: symptoms, criteria
4 or more mood episodes that meet criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode within 1 year lead to a diagnosis
123
Bipolar disorder in children: symptoms
124
Course of bipolar disorder
125
Theories of depression: genetic factor
* Strong genetic component (if first relative has depression: 3-4x more likely to have it)
* Polygenic
* Serotonin transporter gene
126
Theories of depression: neurontransmitters
* dysregulation of norepinephrine and serotonin
* Abnormal synthesis of norepinephrine and serotonin
* Abnormal release process into the synapse
* Malfunctioning receptors on postsynaptic neuron
127
Theories of depression: structural and functional brain abnormlities
128
Theories of depression: neuroendocrine factors
129
Theories of depression: gut microbiome and inflammation
* abundance of bacteroides may influence the release serotonin and GABA
* disruption of the microbial gut balance (dysbiosis) may lead to imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammation or heightened activity of the HPA axis that regulates the stress response
130
Theories of depression: behavioral theories
* Life stress reduces positive reinforcement in a person's life
* Learned helplessness theory (uncontrollable negative elements lead to depression or less psychological flexibility when met with a set of demands)
131
Theories of depression: cognitive theories
* **Negative cognition triad**: negative views of self, the world, or the future will lead to depression
* **Reformulated learned helplessness theory**: causes of negative events are internal, stable, and global: creating hopelessness depression
** Ruminative response style**: focus intently on how they feel
132
Theories of depression: interpersonal theories
interpersonal stress can trigger symptoms of depression, this depression can lead to further interpersonal conflict (a cycle) or a rejection sensitivity
133
Theories of depression: sociocultural theories
* cohort effects are when historical changes put recent generations at higher risk of depression
* Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression
* African Americans experience more stress than other groups
134
Theories of bipolar disorder: genetic factors
5-10x more likely to have it if your relative does
135
Theories of bipolar disorder: structural and functional brain abnormalities
* **Brain abnormalities:** altered structure and functioning of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
* **Basal ganglia**: involved in the abnormal response to environmental rewards (over sensitive to seeking reward)
136
Theories of bipolar disorder: neurotransmitter factors
dysregulation of the dopamine system, they are over-sensitive to wanting dopamine when manic and under-sensitive when in a depressive episode)
137
Theories of bipolar disorder: psychosocial factors
* Greater sensitivity to rewards
* Increased stress (positive and negative)
* Disruptions in routines: daily routines disrupted can be a trigger to bipolar disorder
138
Treatment of mood disorders: biological treatments
* SSRIs which act on serotonin. And SNRIs which acts on norepinephrine reuptake
* Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
* Tricyclic antidepressants (but avoided because of side effects)
* Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): not used very often because of the side effects
139
Treatment of mood disorders: psychological treatments
