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BIO 110 > exam 2 (practice questions) > Flashcards

exam 2 (practice questions) Flashcards

1
Q

why should you use a light microscope if you want to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division?

A

because the specimen is alive

  • although light microscopes have far less resolution than electron microscopes, light microscopy is the only technique that permits one to observe living cells
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2
Q

what is cell fractionation?

A

laboratory technique that is used to separate the various components of cells

(like taking apart a cell to examine the little pieces of it)

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3
Q

two cells have the same volume but different surface areas. the cell with the larger surface area is likely to ______________

A

be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from their cell’s environment

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4
Q

in cells, the greater the surface area, the greater the ______________

A

potential for transport

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5
Q

name 3 things that are likely to limit the maximum size of a cell

A
  1. cell’s surface-to-volume ratio
  2. time it takes a molecule to diffuse across a cell
  3. shape of the cell

(mainly the surface-to volume ratio) and everything else just kinda means the same thing)

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6
Q

do prokaryotic cells contain the following organelles:?

  1. mitochondria
  2. ribosomes
  3. plasma membrane
  4. cytosol
  5. DNA
  6. nucleus
A
  1. no, only eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
  2. yes, ribosomes are required for protein synthesis and present in both types of cells
  3. yes, all cells have plasma membranes
  4. yes, volume enclosed by plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells is the cytosol
  5. yes, all living cells contain DNA
  6. no, prokaryotes are named for their lack of a nucleus
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7
Q

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________

A

the plasma membrane

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8
Q

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized (due to the presence of membrane-bound organelles) , which allows for specialization

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9
Q

which 3 features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

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10
Q

protists cells are ___________ that can ___________

A

eukaryotes; photosynthesize

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11
Q

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

A

proteins and ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores

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12
Q

when do chromosomes appear in an obvious form in the cell?

A

although they appear more compact as the cell prepares to divide, they are always present in the cell, even when cells are not actively synthesizing proteins

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13
Q

where is DNA housed?

A

in the nucleus

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14
Q

which 3 groups of organelles are mainly involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

A

ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER

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15
Q

function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

manufacture of proteins for the end-membrane system

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16
Q

function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

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17
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

further modify and sort the lipids and proteins produced by the ERs and prepare them for their destinations in either lysosomes, plasma membrane, or excretion

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18
Q

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________

A

secrete large amounts of protein

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19
Q

function of vesicles

A

carry and transport material that the cell needs

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20
Q

transmembrane proteins vs. soluble proteins

A

transmembrane proteins: proteins embedded within cell membrane, allows them to interact with both inside and outside of the cell
- play roles in cell communication, transport of molecules across membrane, and structural support for membrane

soluble proteins: found in watery parts of cell, like cytoplasm or nucleus and are not embedded within membranes
- have various functions like catalyzing chemical reactions, providing structural support, and acting as messengers or signals within the cell

transmembrane proteins are “anchored”, soluble proteins are “floating”

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21
Q

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________

A

in the rough ER

all of the membrane proteins of the endomembrane systems are made in the rough ER

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22
Q

why is the mitochondrial outer membrane have a lipid composition that is different from the lipid composition of other cells?

A

mitochondria are not part of the endomembrane system and must synthesize their own lipids

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23
Q

chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in the way that they ______________

A

synthesize their own proteins

chloroplasts and mitochondria can synthesize some of their own proteins because they contain DNA and ribosomes

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24
Q

which type of cell would be most likely to have the largest number of mitochondria?

A

cells with the highest energy demand (such as muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner)

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25
Q

where are the ribosomes of a mitochondria found?

A

in the matrix

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26
Q

the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called _________

A

cristae

27
Q

true or false: mitochondria have more than one membrane

A

true

28
Q

microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with which organelle to perform many of their functions?

A

Golgi apparatus

microtubules guide vesicles from the ER to the Golgi and from the Golgi to the plasma membrane

29
Q

function of centrioles

A

only found in animal cells

  • play a key role in cell division
  • help organize and guide the movement of chromosomes during cell division
  • essential for growth and repair of tissues in the body
30
Q

microtubules

A

provide structural support to cell and serve as tracks for moving materials

think of them as the highways of the cell

  • long, hollow tubes made of protein subunits called tubulin
31
Q

microfilaments

A

responsible for movement and shape changes

like the cell’s muscles

  • thin, thread-like structures responsible for movement, including cell contraction in animals
32
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provide mechanical support and stability to cells, helping them maintain their shape and resist physical stress

think of as “structural cables” of the cell

  • type of protein fiber
  • resist stretching
33
Q

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

A

motor proteins

34
Q

motor proteins

A
  • “movers” of the cell
  • specialized proteins that use energy to transport various materials
  • play critical role in movement of cilia and flagella
35
Q

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which cell components?

A

cilia

microtubule assembly of cilium or flagella is anchored in the cell of a basal body

36
Q

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________

A

plasmodesmata

37
Q

plasmodesmata

A

known for role in facilitating communication and transport between PLANT cells

  • connect neighboring plant cells, allowing them to exchange various molecules
38
Q

tight junctions & gap junctions

A

tight junctions: create barriers/tight seal and control passage of substance between cells
- ex. no fluid leaks b/w cells b/c of them

gap junctions: channels that allow direct communication b/w cells by allowing exchange of ions, small molecules, and signaling (essential for coordination & communication)

39
Q

Which statement correctly describes a common characteristic of a plant cell wall and an animal cell extracellular matrix?

A

both are permeable to water and small solutes

40
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

process in which a phosphate group is transferred from a high-energy substrate directly to ADP, forming ATP

  • occurs in both glycolysis and citric acid cycle
    (not in oxidative phosphorylation, aka ETC, b/c that is indirect creation of ATP)
41
Q

relationship b/w reduction/oxidation and potential energy

A
  • reduced: loses potential energy (moves to a lower energy state)
  • oxidized: gains potential energy (moves to a higher energy state)
42
Q

H+ atom losing or gaining is synonymous with (in terms of reduction and oxidation)

A

electron

43
Q

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during which cycles?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

44
Q

why are carbs and fats frequently considered high-energy foods?

A

they contain many electrons associated with hydrogen atoms

45
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what % of ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

A

100%

46
Q

what is the NET production of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

47
Q

during which metabolic process is MOST of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose released?

A

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-coA

48
Q

which electron carriers function in the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2

49
Q

what is formed by the removal of a carbon from a molecule of pyruvate?

A

acetyl CoA

50
Q

true or false: ETC consists of a series of redox reactions

A

true

51
Q

which sequence describes the path by which electrons travel downhill energetically in aerobic respiration?

A

glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

52
Q

the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by the movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of which process?

A

coupling of an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction

53
Q

a person who follows a strict diet and loses an excessive amount of weight lost the fat as?

A

CO2 and H2O

54
Q

the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

A

H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase

55
Q

in mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

A

are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes

56
Q

when electrons flow along the ETC of mitochondria, what happens to the pH of the matrix?

A

it increases

57
Q

most CO2 from catabolism is released during

A

the citric acid cycle

58
Q

in autotrophic bacteria, where is chlorophyll located?

A

in folded regions of the plasma membrane

59
Q

the oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?

A

splitting water molecules

60
Q

what happens to the free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem II to photosystem I through a series of electron carriers?

A

it is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient

61
Q

which molecule is the final electron acceptor for electrons from photosystem I?

A

CO2

62
Q

what process is directly associated with photosystem I?

A

receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane ETC

63
Q

what is unique about the cyclic electron flow compared to the linear electron flow?

A

cyclic electron flow uses photosystem I ONLY

  • produced ATP, but not NADPH or oxygen
64
Q

where are ATP synthase complexes located in plant cells?

A

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

BIO 110 (11 decks)

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