exam 2 (lecture slides) Flashcards
unfinished- only went up to the 3rd chapter of the unit (cell membrane)
what are transport vesicles
helps move materials, especially proteins from one organelle to another
- distributed by the rough er
what is the endoplasmic reticulum + the 2 types
- cell’s “highway”
- membrane of interconnected tubules that carry stuff around the cell
two types:
rough ER: synthesis and packaging of proteins
- bumpy because ribosomes are attached to it
smooth ER: has enzymes that help create and package lipids and also detoxifying substances
what are centrosomes + centrioles
kinda look like pasta, organize microtubules out of proteins
- in animal cells, centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
plants don’t have centrioles, only centrosomes
selective permeability in the cell membrane
chooses what goes in and out
what is the cytoplasm
solution of water and nutrients that fills the cell
what is the cytoskeleton
inside the cytoplasm- bunch of protein strands that reinforce the cell
what is nucleoplasm
nucleus has its own cytoplasm (premium luxury environment)
cis and trans Golgi apparatus
cis: means same
- part of the Golgi apparatus nearest to ER (endoplasmic reticulum), functions primarily in receiving and sorting molecules
trans: means opposite
- part of Golgi farthest from ER, functions in final modifications of proteins before they’re shipped out`
what is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
“post office of cell city”
- processes proteins + packages them before sending them where they need to go
what are Golgi bodies and how is their function different from the Golgi apparatus?
- stacks of membranous layers within the Golgi apparatus (Golgi apparatus layers)
- often used interchangeably though
cut up large proteins into smaller hormones and combine proteins and carbs to make various molecules
what are lysosomes?
sacs of enzymes that break down cellular waste and debris from outside cell to turn into simpler components for inside cell
what are vesicles
sacs that little goodies are packaged into
- used to ship stuff within cell or outside cell
what is autophagy?
lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
what are vacuoles and the 3 different types of them
“diverse maintenance compartments” - storage cells that perform variety of functions
food vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis (when cell engulfs another cell), help digest and break down ingested food
contractile vacuoles: found in freshwater protists, help maintain internal water balance by pumping excess water out of cell
central vacuoles: large ones found in many mature plant cells, store water and nutrients, provide structural support + other functions
what is the function of the mitochondria?
cellular respiration!
- use oxygen to generate ATP
- cells that need more power (such as muscle cells) have more mitochondria in them
what is the inheritance pattern for mitochondria?
maternal b/c mitochondria self replicates so DNA never mixes with the father’s
what is unique about mitochondria compared to other organelles?
acts like its own cell, does its own replication and even has some DNA
function of the chloroplasts
also energy!!
- sites of photosynthesis
- found in plants and algae
3 similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts
- enveloped by a double membrane
- contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
- grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
endosymbiont theory
idea that some organelles inside eukaryotic cells (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) were once independent, free-living bacteria
- bacteria engulfed by larger cells, instead of being digested, formed mutually beneficial relationship with the host cell
what are cristae
folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondria
- present a large surface area for enzymes to synthesize ATP
what are chloroplasts known for
site of photosynthesis
- contain green pigment chlorophyll
3 things plants contain that animal cells don’t
- cell wall
- plastids
- large vacuole
purpose of the large vacuole in plant cells
used for storage but also:
pushes water to create turgor pressure so cell stays nice and rigid