exam 1 (lecture slides) Flashcards
5 unifying themes of biology
- organization
- information
- energy and matter
- interactions
- evolution
levels of biological organization
biosphere
consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists: most regions of land, bodies of water, etc.
levels of biological organization
ecosystems
consists of all living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of the environment (such as soil, water, gases, light)
levels of biological organization
community
array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
levels of biological organization
population
consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other
levels of biological organization
organisms
individual living things
levels of biological organization
organs
body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body
levels of biological organization
tissue
group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function
levels of biological organization
organelles
various functional components present in cells
levels of biological organization
molecules
chemical structure consisting of 2 or more units called atoms
levels of biological organization order
biosphere > ecosystems > communities > populations > organisms > organs > tissues > cells > organelles > molecules
genes
units of hereditary info consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
- encode info necessary to build molecules synthesized within cell
establish cell’s identity and function
nucleotides + 2 types of nitrogenous bases
chemical building blocks that make up each chain of DNA
- nucleotides make up nitrogenous bases (2 types: pyrimidines & purines)
CUT the Pie = cytosines, uracil, and thymine are pyrimidines
Pure As Gold = purines are adenine and guanine
gene expression
process by which info in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product (functional protein)
genome
entire “library” of genetic instructions than an organism inherits
genomics
study of whole sets of genes in one or more species
proteome
entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
proteomics
study of whole sets of proteins and their properties
climate change
a directional change to the global climate that lasts 3 decades or more
- all result of human behavior
domains
broadest units of classification
essential vs trace elements
essential elements: natural elements required for life (ex. carbo, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)
trace elements: required by an organism in only minute quantities (ex. iron, iodine)
theory
broader in scope than a hypothesis
- supported by large body of evidence
- general enough to lead to many, new testable hypotheses
inductive vs deductive reasoning
inductive: general conclusions are based on a large number of specific observations (ex. ALL organisms are made of cells)
deductive: specific results are predicted from general premises (more of a relationship, if then statements)
radioactive isotopes
unstable isotopes that emits radiation to regain a stable state
- often used as diagnostic tools in medicine (ex. radioactive trackers to track cancer growth bc these trackers are glowy)
potential energy
energy that’s stored in a object due to its position or structure (ex. bicycle on top of a hill)
aka stored energy
kinetic energy
energy of motion
Stanley miller’s apparatus
mimicked the way the environment was during “early Earth”
- first things that came into life were amino acids
- concluded that chemical evolution occurs readily if simple molecules with high free energy are exposed to kinetic energy
monomer
repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer
steroids
- lipids characterized by a C skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
- NOT water soluble
ex. cholesterol & steroid hormones
- steroid derivatives called bile salts
