exam 1 (lecture slides) Flashcards by Ayesha Rashid

Q

5 unifying themes of biology

A

organization
information
energy and matter
interactions
evolution

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Q

levels of biological organization

biosphere

A

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists: most regions of land, bodies of water, etc.

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Q

levels of biological organization

ecosystems

A

consists of all living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of the environment (such as soil, water, gases, light)

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Q

levels of biological organization

community

A

array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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Q

levels of biological organization

population

A

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other

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Q

levels of biological organization

organisms

A

individual living things

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Q

levels of biological organization

organs

A

body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

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Q

levels of biological organization

tissue

A

group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

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Q

levels of biological organization

organelles

A

various functional components present in cells

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Q

levels of biological organization

molecules

A

chemical structure consisting of 2 or more units called atoms

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Q

levels of biological organization order

A

biosphere > ecosystems > communities > populations > organisms > organs > tissues > cells > organelles > molecules

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Q

genes

A

units of hereditary info consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

encode info necessary to build molecules synthesized within cell

establish cell’s identity and function

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Q

nucleotides + 2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

chemical building blocks that make up each chain of DNA

nucleotides make up nitrogenous bases (2 types: pyrimidines & purines)

CUT the Pie = cytosines, uracil, and thymine are pyrimidines

Pure As Gold = purines are adenine and guanine

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Q

gene expression

A

process by which info in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product (functional protein)

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Q

genome

A

entire “library” of genetic instructions than an organism inherits

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Q

genomics

A

study of whole sets of genes in one or more species

Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

Q

proteomics

A

study of whole sets of proteins and their properties

Q

climate change

A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts 3 decades or more

all result of human behavior

Q

domains

A

broadest units of classification

Q

essential vs trace elements

A

essential elements: natural elements required for life (ex. carbo, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)

trace elements: required by an organism in only minute quantities (ex. iron, iodine)

Q

theory

A

broader in scope than a hypothesis

supported by large body of evidence
general enough to lead to many, new testable hypotheses

Q

inductive vs deductive reasoning

A

inductive: general conclusions are based on a large number of specific observations (ex. ALL organisms are made of cells)

deductive: specific results are predicted from general premises (more of a relationship, if then statements)

Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable isotopes that emits radiation to regain a stable state

often used as diagnostic tools in medicine (ex. radioactive trackers to track cancer growth bc these trackers are glowy)

potential energy

energy that's stored in a object due to its position or structure (ex. bicycle on top of a hill) *aka stored energy*

kinetic energy

energy of motion

Stanley miller's apparatus

mimicked the way the environment was during "early Earth" - first things that came into life were amino acids - concluded that chemical evolution occurs readily if simple molecules with high free energy are exposed to kinetic energy

monomer

repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer

steroids

- lipids characterized by a C skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings - NOT water soluble ex. cholesterol & steroid hormones - steroid derivatives called bile salts