exam 1 (lecture slides)

Question 1

5 unifying themes of biology

Answer 1

• organization
• information
• energy and matter
• interactions
• evolution

Question 2

levels of biological organization

biosphere

Answer 2

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists: most regions of land, bodies of water, etc.

Question 3

levels of biological organization

ecosystems

Answer 3

consists of all living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of the environment (such as soil, water, gases, light)

Question 4

levels of biological organization

community

Answer 4

array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Question 5

levels of biological organization

population

Answer 5

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other

Question 6

levels of biological organization

organisms

Answer 6

individual living things

Question 7

levels of biological organization

organs

Answer 7

body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

Question 8

levels of biological organization

tissue

Answer 8

group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

Question 9

levels of biological organization

organelles

Answer 9

various functional components present in cells

Question 10

levels of biological organization

molecules

Answer 10

chemical structure consisting of 2 or more units called atoms

Question 11

levels of biological organization order

Answer 11

biosphere > ecosystems > communities > populations > organisms > organs > tissues > cells > organelles > molecules

Question 12

genes

Answer 12

units of hereditary info consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

• encode info necessary to build molecules synthesized within cell

establish cell’s identity and function

Question 13

nucleotides + 2 types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 13

chemical building blocks that make up each chain of DNA

• nucleotides make up nitrogenous bases (2 types: pyrimidines & purines)

CUT the Pie = cytosines, uracil, and thymine are pyrimidines

Pure As Gold = purines are adenine and guanine

Question 14

gene expression

Answer 14

process by which info in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product (functional protein)

Question 15

genome

Answer 15

entire “library” of genetic instructions than an organism inherits

Question 16

genomics

Answer 16

study of whole sets of genes in one or more species

Question 17

proteome

Answer 17

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

Question 18

proteomics

Answer 18

study of whole sets of proteins and their properties

Question 19

climate change

Answer 19

a directional change to the global climate that lasts 3 decades or more

• all result of human behavior

Question 20

domains

Answer 20

broadest units of classification

Question 21

essential vs trace elements

Answer 21

essential elements: natural elements required for life (ex. carbo, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)

trace elements: required by an organism in only minute quantities (ex. iron, iodine)

Question 22

theory

Answer 22

broader in scope than a hypothesis

• supported by large body of evidence
• general enough to lead to many, new testable hypotheses

Question 23

inductive vs deductive reasoning

Answer 23

inductive: general conclusions are based on a large number of specific observations (ex. ALL organisms are made of cells)

deductive: specific results are predicted from general premises (more of a relationship, if then statements)

Question 24

radioactive isotopes

Answer 24

unstable isotopes that emits radiation to regain a stable state

• often used as diagnostic tools in medicine (ex. radioactive trackers to track cancer growth bc these trackers are glowy)

Question 25

potential energy

Answer 25

energy that’s stored in a object due to its position or structure (ex. bicycle on top of a hill)

aka stored energy

Question 26

kinetic energy

Answer 26

energy of motion

Question 27

Stanley miller’s apparatus

Answer 27

mimicked the way the environment was during “early Earth”

• first things that came into life were amino acids
• concluded that chemical evolution occurs readily if simple molecules with high free energy are exposed to kinetic energy

Question 28

monomer

Answer 28

repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer

Question 29

steroids

Answer 29

• lipids characterized by a C skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
• NOT water soluble

ex. cholesterol & steroid hormones

• steroid derivatives called bile salts