Exam 2 Plants... ew Flashcards by Genna Long

What are Charophytes? 
A. They share a common ancestor with land plants (closest relatives to land plants)
B. A type of green algae
C. The predecessor  of all plants 
D.all the above

A. They share a common ancestor with land plants (closest relatives to land plants)
B. A type of green algae

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What are the 5 key traits for in nearly all land plants? 
A. Alternation of generation 
B. Multicellular, dependent embryos 
C. Walled spored produced in sporangia
D. Multicellular gametangia
E. Apical meristems

A. Alternation of generation 
B. Multicellular, dependent embryos 
C. Walled spored produced in sporangia
D. Multicellular gametangia
E. Apical meristems

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True or False? Alternation of generation is when a multicellular diploid sporophyte alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte. This is a reproductive cycle.

TRUE.

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What are the functions for Alternation of Generation?
A. gametophyte generation produces haploid gametes by mitosis
B. Fusion of sperm and egg created diploid sporophyte
C. diploid sporophytes produces haploid spores by meiosis
D. Spores develop into gametophytes
E. none of the above

A. gametophyte generation produces haploid gametes by mitosis
B. Fusion of sperm and egg created diploid sporophyte
C. diploid sporophytes produces haploid spores by meiosis
D. Spores develop into gametophytes

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What is Multicellular, Dependent Embryos?
A. It’s when the diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte
B. Is with the sperm and egg create a diploid sporophyte
C. Is when nutrients are tranferred parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
D. Another name for Dependent Embryos is Embryophytes because it relies heavily on its parent

A. It’s when the diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte
C. Is when nutrients are tranferred parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
D. Another name for Dependent Embryos is Embryophytes because it relies heavily on its parent

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What is the function of Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia?

A. Sporophytes produces sporangia in organs
B. Sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
C. Spore walls are resistant to harsh environments because their walls contain sporopollenin
D. is when sporopollenin develops into gametophyte

A. Sporophytes produces sporangia in organs
B. Sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
C. Spore walls are resistant to harsh environments because their walls contain sporopollenin

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What is Mullicellular Gametangia?
A. it’s when 2 gametophytes make a haploid sporophyte
B. are called gametangia when gametes are produced within organs
C. Female gametangia (archegonia) produce a single nonmotile egg
D. Male gametangia (antheridia) produce and release sperm
E. is where each egg is fertilized within an archegonium

B. are called gametangia when gametes are produced within organs
C. Female gametangia (archegonia) produce a single nonmotile egg
D. Male gametangia (antheridia) produce and release sperm
E. is where each egg is fertilized within an archegonium

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True or False? Apical Meristems:

Is where plants sustain continue to grow in length by repeated cell division within the apical meristems. The cells can also differentiate into various tissues

TRUE

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True or False?

A cuticle is a specialized cell for gas exchange between air outside air and plants while stomata is a wax like covering of the epidermis

FALSE

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Definition: the arrangement of leaves on a stem, it is species-specific and it is important for light transfer.

Phyllotaxy

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Definition: positive pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall and the cell wall against the protoplast

Turgor Pressure

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Definition: living part of cell, which also includes the plasma membrane.

Protoplast

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Definition: protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell

Plasmolysis

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Definition: transport proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the passage of water

Aquaporins

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Definition: part of the system that pulls water from shoots to roots,

Transpiration

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Definition: the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves

Guttation

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Definition: the ratio of total upper leaf surface over the surface area of land on which it grows…
Laymen’s terms: How big the leaf is (which means more photosynthesis) over how much upper leaves block lower leaves from reaching the sun

Leaf Area Index

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Transport Route: Goes through the cell walls and extracellular space

Apoplastic

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Transport Route: water and solute cross the plasma membrane then travel through the cytosol

Symplastic

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Transport Route: water and solute REPEATEDLY cross the plasma membrane as they pass from cell to cell

Transmembrane

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How does water flow in plants?
A. Low to high concentrations of water
B. High to low concentrations of water

B. high to low concentrations of water

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Definition: Blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

Endodermal Casparian Strip

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Why do roots actively pump minerals into the roots

So water will follow the minerals

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How do roots uptake water and minerals?

Via transpiration

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How does water flow? A. High to low water potential B. low to high water potential

A. high to low water potential

How does Bulk flow differ from diffusion: Hint: there are 4 differences

A. It is driven by differences in pressure potential, not solute potential B. It occurs in hollow dead cells, not across the membranes of living cells C. It moves the entire solution not just water or the solute D. It is much faster

Definition: plants adapted to arid climates (aka cacti and other desert plants)

Xerophytes

Some types of xerophytes have fleshy stems that store water or leaf modifications . What is the purpose of this adaption?

To reduce the rate of transpiration

T/F: Some desert plants complete their life cycle during the rainy season, this is an example of an adaption for Xerophytes.

true

Some plants use a specialized form of photosynthesis called crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in which stomatal gas exchange occurs at night. What is this an example of? A. Xerophyte adaption B. Euglenas Evolution C. Xerophyte bulk transfer processes

A. Xerophyte adaption for arid climates

``` When was the origin of plants? A. 600 MYA B. 470 MYA C. 570 MYA D. 425 MYA ```

B. 470 MYA

``` When was the origin of vascular plants? A. 470 MYA B. 360 MYA C. 425 MYA D. 260 MYA ```

C. 425 MYA

``` When was the origin of seed plants? A. 360 MYA B. 250 MYA C. 570 MYA D. 369 MYA ```

A. 360 MYA

Definition: waxy covering on plant that enables the plant to retain its water

Cuticle

Definition: specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

Stomata

Not a serious flashcard because its like one AM and im sleep deprived..... What's Stomata?

Nothin, what's stomata with you? If you don't understand the joke, read it out loud. If you still don't understand, I can't help you

Why are bryophytes (non-vascular plants) limited to a small body size.

They stay small because in order to increase inn size, they need a way to transfer liquids and the like around their organ systems but can't without some kind of vascular system.

How does the reproduction of bryophytes and seedless vascular plants depend on water.

Unlike in more evolved plants, the sperm have to travel to the egg via water surrounding and on the plants. They are not seed producing yet and thus don't have a way to transfer their gametangia in a different manner.

Definition: the part of a sporophyte that allows for gradual spore dispersal or discharge

Peristome

T/F: In bryophytes, the gametangia is dominant

True

T/F: In seedless vascular plants, the gametangia is dominant

False, the sporophytes are more common/ dominant

Definition: small spine shaped leaves, supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

microphylls

Definition: leaf with highly branched vasculature

megaphylls

Definition: cluster of sporangia on a fern

sori

Definition: a plant with one type of spore, usually bisexual

homosporous

Definition: plant with two types of spore (a male and female gametangia)

heterosporous

Definition: spore from heterospore plant species that is female

megaspores

Definition: spore from heterospore plant species that is male

microspores

T/F: Seedless vascular plants are homosporous not heterosporous

True

T/F: Bryophytes are homosporous not heterosporous

True

Phylum Hepatophyta; Name phylum and common name

Bryophyte and Liverworts

Phylum Bryophyta;Name phylum and common name

Bryophyte and mosses

Phylum Anthocerophyta; Name phylum and common name

Bryophyte and hornworts

Phylum Lycophyta; Name phylum and common name

Seedless Vascular Plants and club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

Phylum Monilophyta; Name phylum and common name

Seedless Vascular Plants and ferns, horsetails, and whist ferns

What are the functions of roots?

``` A. Anchoring the plant B. Storing carbohydrates C. Absorb minerals and water D. All of the above Answer is D ```

True or False? | Root hairs increase surface area

True

True or False? | Root hairs and mycorrhizae give advantage of increased surface area in root systems

True

What is bark?

``` A. Cork cambium B. Cork C. All tissues external to the vascular cambium D. A & C Answer is D ```

What does parenchyma lack?

``` A. A secondary cell wall B. Thin primary cell wall C. A & B D. None of the above Answer is A ```

True of False? Parenchyma slacks a secondary wall and has a thing primary cell wall, which means that they do not provide strong support for the plant

True

Parenchyma has a structure that does what?

``` A. Produce Carbon dioxide B. Metabolic in nature, performing photosynthesis C. A &B D. None of the above Answer is B ```

what are the two plant tissues?

``` A. Parenchyma, phloem B. Xylem, phloem C. Sclerenchyma, collenchyma D. None of the above Answer is B ```

True or Flase? | Cuticles prevents water loss

True

What are the plant tissue systems?

A. Dermal B. Vascular C. Ground tissue D. All of the above

What are plant cell types?

``` A. Parenchyma B. Collenchyma C. A & B D. Sclerenchyma E. A, B, D ```

True or Flase? | Rhizome a type of stem that grows horizontally underground

True

True or Flase? | Stolon is underground

False | Stolon is a type of stem that is grown horizontally above ground

Dermal tissue

A tissue type that forms the outer layer of the plant, like an epidermis, used for protection, helps with absorption in roots and conservation in leaves and stems via cuticle secretion

Vascular tissue Xylem- tracheids and vessel elements (dead at maturity) Phloem- Sieve tube elements and companion cells (alive)

A tissue type responsible for the transport of material between the roots and shoots of plants, made up of xylem and phloem

Xylem

Responsible for transport of water and minerals from the roots to the shoots, made up of tracheids and vessel elements, cells mature and die

Phloem

Responsible for the transport of sugars, consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells

Primary Growth

Growth along the vertical axis, present in meristems

Apical Meristem

A self renewing population of cells, creates new growth in the plant, present in all plants

Secondary Growth

Growth along the horizontal axis to increase width by adding more vascular systems, present in woody plants

Prop roots Buttress roots Aerial roots Storage roots

Support above ground

True or False? | Simple leaf one bud

True

True or False? | Compound leaf multiple blade

True

What are specialized functions of leaves?

``` A.tendrils for support B.spine protection C. Storage leaves D. Reproductive leaves mother of thousands E. All of above ```

Tissues

A. Dermal outermost B. Vascular mouses C. Ground -storage, support, metabolize D. All of the above

Xylem is dead at maturity

True

Phloem is tube elements and companion cells alive

True

True or False? | Slerids are long cells

False | Slerids are short cells

True or False | Fiber long

True

Ground tissue inside vasculature =

Pitch

Outside vasculature =

Cortex

True or False. | Indeterminate growth as long as alive plants will continue to grow

True

True or False? | Meristems unspecialized tissues composed of diving cells

True

True or False? | Apical = primary growth = long

True

Lateral- secondary = wider

True

Lateral meristem

Located on sides of stems and roots, work to increase the width of the plant using vascular cambium and cork cambium as well as lenticels

Cortex

Middle region of roots to store starch and minerals

What is primary growth?

Root cap cells, shallow bunch of cells that sit on top of root tip, helps protect root tip Root apical meristem; right underneath root cap, helps roots grow Mucigel; lubricant, moistens soil and reduces friction

What is Secondary growth ?

Found in woody plants Increase width of roots and shoots in woody plants Provides structural support Occurs as a result of cell divisions in lateral meristems Vascular cambium Cork cambium

Bark

Secondary phloem: all tissues outside the vascular cambium Inner bark (majority of bark) is living and moves sugars around Outer bark is cork (tissues outside of cork cambium) and is dead at maturity Bark replaces primary epidermis formed during primary growth Lenticells: facilitate gas exchange