BIO 1407 Exam 1 Review Notes Flashcards by Genna Long

What is the difference between taxonomy and systematic?

Taxonomy refers to naming the species while Systematic classifies species based on evolution.

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True or False?

Aristotle published a system of SYSTEMATIC and created a two-part name for species and hierarchical classification.

FALSE. CAROLUS LINNAEUS published a system of TAXONOMY and created the two-part name for species and hierarchical classification.

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What is the format for the binomen? (two-part scientific name)

The format for the binomen is:
[Genus species
Homo sapiens

Genus is capitalized while species is in lowercase.
When on paper: underlined
When on computer: italicized

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True or False?
 In order, the taxonomic groups are:
1. Phylum
2. Genus
3.Domain
4.Species 
5. Kingdom
6. Order
7. Family
8.Class

FALSE.
The the groups are:

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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What is a Homologous structure?
A. They are similar due to shared environmental structure
B. A structure that names species
C. Is a structure that is made due to shared ancestor.
D. is ideal to build trees based on its homology structure

C. It is a structure that is made due to shared ancestors.

D. Is ideal to build trees based on its homology structure

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Mark all that apply. Analogous structures:
A. Are similar due to shared ancestors
B. Are similar due to convergent evolution, meaning it’s similar to environmental structures.
C. Are the ideal structure when building trees
D. Analogous structure is another word for kingdom

B. Analogous structured are similar due to convergent evolution, meaning it’s similar to environmental structures.

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What is convergent evolution and what function does it have in analogous structures?

Convergent evolution is when environmental pressure and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.
Example: Birds and Fish

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Monophyletic is
A. the ancestor species and all its decedents
B. the missing ancestor
C. the missing decedents

A. The ancestor species and all it’s decedents

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Paraphyletic is:
A. the missing ancestor
B. the ancestor species and all its decedents
C. the missing decedents

C. The missing decedents

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Polyphyletic is:
A. the missing decedents
B. the missing ancestor
C. the ancestor species and all its decedents

B. The missing ancestor

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True or False?
A shared ancestral character is one that originated in an ancestor of the taxon while shared derived character is unique to a particular clade.

TRUE.

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True or False?

Maximum likelihood is when evolutionary trees with the least amount of steps are the most likely.

FALSE. Maximum parsimony

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What is Maximum likelihood?
A. Is part of the 3 domains
B. It uses the rule of probability to decide which tree is best
C. I don’t know, my brain hurts

B. It uses the rule of probability to decide which tree is best

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Mark all that applies. Horizontal gene transfer:

A. Is another word for Genus
B. Is the movement of genes from one genome to another
C. has played a key role in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes evolution.
D. Because of Horizontal gene transfer, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes can acquire genes from bacteria and archaea
E. Can transfer through transposable elements, plasmids, viral infection, and possibly fusion of elements

B. Is the movement of genes from one genome to another
C. has played a key role in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes evolution
D. Because of Horizontal gene transfer, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes can acquire genes from bacteria and archaea
E. Can transfer through transposable elements, plasmids, viral infection, and possibly fusion of elements

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True or False. Virus are bigger than bacteria and eukaryotes

FALSE. They are smaller

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Mark all that applies. Viruses consists of:
A. Protein coat
B. Nucleic acids
C. A membrane (envelope) around the the protein coat (sometimes)
D. ALL THE ABOVE

D. ALL THE ABOVE

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What is the rooted tree?

A. Is the point where there are more than two offspring species from the same ancestor
B. are groups that share immediate common ancestor
C. Rooted tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa
D. all the above

C. Rooted tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.

Ex: —[

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What is common ancestors?
A. Is where there are more than two offspring species from the same common ancestor
B. Is the point where two species have the same ancestor.
C. Both A and B
D. are groups that share immediate common ancestor that’s not shared by any other group

B. Is the point where two species have the same ancestor

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What is polytomy?
A. It’s a type of provirus
B. It’s a type of prion
C. is primitive which means it’s the first ancestor to evolve and it’s unchanging
D.Is where there are more than two offspring species from the same common ancestor.

D. Is where there are more than two offspring species from the same common ancestor.

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What is sister taxa?
A. is where there are more than two offspring species from the same common ancestor
B. another name for rooted tree
C. are groups that share immediate common ancestor that’s not’s shared by any other group.
D. all the above

C. Sister taxa are groups that share immediate common ancestor that’s not shared by any other group.

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What is basal taxon?

A. Basal taxon is primitive which means it’s the first ancestor to evolve and it is unchanging.
B. a type of bacteriophage
C. both A and B
D. is another name for sister taxa

A. Basal taxon is primitive which means it’s the first ancestor to evolve and it is unchanging.

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Mark what all that applies. Why aren’t viruses considered living?

A. Because it’s a different form of bacteria
B. Because it’s not a cell
C. Because all metabolism is dependent on being inside a host.

B and C.

It’s not a cell and its metabolism is dependent on being inside a host.

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True or False?

Viral nucleic acids can be composed of DNA and RNA and may be single or double stranded.

TRUE

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What is the process of the lytic cycle?
A. It enters the host and infuse its DNA with it without harming it
B. It’s the process of CRISPR-Cas
C. It’s a provirus
D. It uses the process of entering the host, steal the host functions, and create more virus DNA.

D. It uses the process of entering the host, steal the host functions, and create more virus DNA.

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Mark what all applies. What is the lysogenic cycle? A. it's a process that includes the use of antiviral to kill a virus B. It uses restriction enzymes to break up mentholated DNA C. It enters the host cell and infuse it's DNA with it's own without causing any harm. D. It can lay dormant for a small time or long time without anything happening to the host

C. It enters the host cell and infuse it's DNA with it's own without causing any harm. D. It can lay dormant for a small time or long time without anything happening to the host

What is the function of bacterially derived restriction enzymes? A. Since bacteria has methylated DNA, it uses a function called restriction enzyme to attack non methylated DNA B. It's a type of retrovirus which begins with the RNA template C. It's a process people use to vaccinate people D. None of the above

A. Since bacteria has methylated DNA, it uses a function called the restriction enzyme to attack non methylated DNA.

True or False? CRISPR stands for: Clustered, Regularly, Interspaced, Short, Palindromic, Repeats

TRUE

True or False? Cas stands for: | CRISPR associated prions

FALSE. It stands for CRISPR associated proteins

``` What is the point of CRISPR-Cas A. To kill prions B. To act as an immune system against the viruses C. to transfer DNA into RNA D. all the above ```

B. To act as an immune system against the viruses

What is retrovirus and how does it play a role? A. If a cell begins with RNA, retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to use the RNA template to make a DNA template, then a protein B. it's the DNA that enters the host and takes over C. it's a type of animal disease D. It's a process of the CRISPR-Cas system

A. If a cell begins with RNA, retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to use the RNA template to make a DNA template, then a protein.

True or False? Provirus is when viral DNA is found within the bacteria genome while Prophage is when viral DNA is found within the eukaryote genome

FALSE. Provirus is when viral DNA is found within the eukaryote genome while Prophage is when viral DNA is found within the bacteria genome

What is a vaccine? A. it's part of the lysogenic cycle B. it's a type of antiviral medicine that reduce symptoms C. it removes the disease calling part which comes from the nucleic acid which allows the host to make antibodies to fight against the next virus wave. D. none of the above

C. it removes the disease calling part which comes from the nucleic acid which allows the host to make antibodies to fight against the next virus wave.

True or False? Emerging viruses are typically old viruses in new places

TRUE

What is a zoonotic virus. Mark all that applies A. is an old virus that mutated til where humans can contract them B. Can be spread through travel C. Zika, and west nile virus are types of zoonotic viruses D. none of the above

A. is an old virus that mutated til where humans can contract them B. Can be spread through travel C. Zika, and west nile virus are types of zoonotic viruses

What is a prion A. It is an infectious protein that causes degenerative brain disease in animals. B. They are missfolded proteins that are contagious to healthy proteins C. Can be tranmitted through food D. Are only a protein

ALL THE ABOVE

``` What are the 2 domains that contain prokaryotes? A. Bacteria B. Archaea C. Fungus D. Both A and B ```

D. (bacteria and archaea)

``` What are 3 most common shapes of prokaryotes? A. curly rods B. spheres (cocci) C. Rods (bacilli) D.Spirals (spirillum) ```

B.Spheres (Cocci), C.Rods (Bacilli), D. Spirals (Spirillum)

True or False? A capsule is a layer that surrounds bacteria to protect it,

True

True or False? 3 Factors that contribute to the considerable genetic variation observed in prokaryotes are rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.

True

True or False? Grand positive is much bigger than Grand negative and have the thickest layer

True

True or False Grand negative is thinner and has a extra membrane

True

What is a function of a Fimbriae and how does it differ from sex pili? Mark all that applies. A. Is short and permant compared to sex pili B. Allows itself to anchor to a location C. is longer than sex pili D. is hairylike

A. Is short and permant compared to sex pili B. Allows itself to anchor to a location D. is hairylike

Mark all that applies. Sex pili: A. is shorter than fimbriae B. is only active during genetic exchange C. is longer than fimbriae

B. is only active during genetic exchange | C. is longer than fimbriae

``` What is the definition of Taxis- A. its when a prokaryote makes ATP B. The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus C. is when prokaryotes exchange DNA D. all the above ```

B. The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

Define respiratory membrane. A. It has to physically make energy B. can incorporate foreign DNA inside its membrane C. it has to consume things to get energy (meaning eat something to get energy) D. it holds the nucleus inside its nucleoid

C. it has to consume things to get energy (meaning eat something to get energy)

Transformation

A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment, random bacteria can take it in their bodies and created geno

Transduction

Movement of genes between bacteria by phages, virus that affects bacteria

Conjugation

Process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells In the bacteria DNA transfer is one way Donor and recipient be the donor and give DNA horizontal gene transfer

F factor

A piece of DNA called the, “F Factor,” is required for the production of the pili Small cellular piece of DNA

Cells without the F factor do not function as DNA recipients during conjugation. True or False?

FALSE: cells w/o the F factor function as DNA recipients during conjugation

The F factor is transferable during conjugation. True or False

True

R plasmids

Carry genes for antibiotic resistance Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria but not the bacteria with specific R plasmids Allows them to be resistant in antibiotics

Autotrophs A. gets their carbon from organic molecules B. gets their carbon from inorganic molecules C. both A and B

B. gets their carbon from inorganic molecules

What is the definition of a heterotroph? A. gets carbon from inorganic molecules B. makes it own energy and/ or consume other organisms for energy C. gets carbon from organic molecules

C. get carbon from organic molecules

True or False Obligate aerobes require O2 for cellular respiration,

TRUE

Obligate ANAEROBES

Poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation or use substances other than 02 for anaerobic respiration

True or False Facultative anaerobes can use O3 if it Is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if it is not.

FALSE. Facultative anaerobes can use 02 if it is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if it's not

``` Mark all that applies. Protists: A. a part of the domain Eukarya B. most are unicellular C. are a part of the polyphyletic clade group D. none of the above ```

A. a part of the domain Eukarya B. most are unicellular C. are a part of the polyphyletic clade group

What is mixotroph A. organism that is photosynthetic which means it makes its own energy B. is the name for hairy flagella C. is an organism that consumes other organisms for energy D. Both A and C

D. both A and C

True or False? Endosymbyosis is the theory of large prokaryotes eating smaller prokaryotes. Instead of digesting them, they coexisted and later evolved into Eukaryotes which allowed the organelles to have a double memebrane

TRUE.

Mark all that applies. Excavata: Diplomonads A. can contract from unfiltered water B. reduced mitochondria; mitosomes C. Ex: of this is Giardia intestinalis (hiker's diarrhea) D. none of the above

A. can contract from unfiltered water B. reduced mitochondria; mitosomes C. Ex: of this is Giardia intestinalis (hiker's diarrhea)

Mark all that appliess. Excavata: Parabasalids A. reduced mitochrondia; hydrogenosomes B. Trichomonas vaginalis- causes STDs C. none of the above

Both A and B

Mark all that appliess. Excavata: Euglenozoans A. has crysralline rods inside the flagella B. Kinetoplasts-- contain kinetoplast C. Ex: of this Trypanosoma; african sleeping and chagas' disease D. Euglenids is a mixotroph

A. has crysralline rods inside the flagella B. Kinetoplasts-- contain kinetoplast C. Ex: of this Trypanosoma; african sleeping and chagas' disease D. Euglenids is a mixotroph

``` Mark all that applies Excavata: A. characterized by its cytoskeleton B. has an excavated feeding groove C. is monophyletic D. all the above ```

A. characterized by its cytoskeleton B. has an excavated feeding groove C. is monophyletic D. all the above

What are all part of the Gram-Negative bacteria? A. Chlamydia - obligate parasite that causes blindless and STD B. Spirochete- Treponema pallidum causes syphilis and Borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease C. Cyanobacteria - performs plant like photosynthesis D. All of the above

D. All of the above

True or False? | Prokaryotes are the essential for life

True

``` What are two extremophiles? A. Halophiles B. Extremophiles C. Thermophiles D. All of the above ```

A. and C

True or False? Extremophiles have two conditions thermophiles or halophiles which are both under extreme conditions and come out only when they sense that better environment conditions

True

``` What are the two functions of prokaryotes? A. Decomposer B. Symbiosis C. Eukaryotes D. Both A and B ```

D. (decomposer and symbiosis)

True or False? | Mutualism +,0?

FALSE. +,+

True or False? | Commensalism +, 0

True

True or False? | Parasitism +,-?

True

True or False? | Pathogens define exotoxins and endotoxins

True

Mark all that applies. (SAR); Stramenophiles: A. is a sub group for diatoms, golden algae, brown algae B. diatoms- unicellular with a silicon dioxide test C. Brown algae- most seaweed composed of a holdfast, stipe and blade D. none of above

A. is a sub group for diatoms, golden algae, brown algae B. diatoms- unicellular with a silicon dioxide test C. Brown algae- most seaweed composed of a holdfast, stipe and blade

(REMEMBER DEFINITION) What is alternation of generation? It's when multicellular diploid sporophlyte alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte. It's reproductive in nature. Algae- their gametophytes are multicellular while humans are unicelluar

Mark all that applies. SAR; Alveolates (alveoli); A. alveolates is a membrane enclosed sac. B. is a sub group for dinoplagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates. C. Dinoflagellates- causes red tide, 2 flagella, an outer test (shell) D. apicomplexans- Plasmodium; a parasite that cause malaria E. Ciliates- covered in cilia, has macro and micronuclei and undergo conjugation. EX: Paramecium F. none of the above

A. alveolates is a membrane enclosed sac. B. is a sub group for dinoplagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates. C. Dinoflagellates- causes red tide, 2 flagella, an outer test (shell) D. apicomplexans- Plasmodium; a parasite that cause malaria E. Ciliates- covered in cilia, has macro and micronuclei and undergo conjugation. EX: Paramecium

Mark all that applies. SAR; Rhizarians A. contains threadlike psuedopods (false feet) B. Radiolorians- contains internal silica skeleton C. Foraminiferans- has calcium carbonate tests D. Cercozoans- Ex: Paulinella chromatophora which has a unique photosynthetic structure called a chromatophore E. covered in cilia

A. contains threadlike psuedopods (false feet) B. Radiolorians- contains internal silica skeleton C. Foraminiferans- has calcium carbonate tests D. Cercozoans- Ex: Paulinella chromatophora which has a unique photosynthetic structure called a chromatophore

Mark all that applies Archaeplastida: A. is a sub group for red algae, green algae, and plants B. Green algae- share a common ancestor with plants C. is a sub group for fungi D. All the above

A. is a sub group for red algae, green algae, and plants | B. Green algae- share a common ancestor with plants

What falls under Unikonta? A. Amoebozoans which has large tube/lobe shaped psuedopodia (false feet) B. green algae fits in this sub group C. slime molds fit in this sub group under amoebozoans D. Tubulinids falls under unikonta E. Entamoebas- Entamoeba histolytica which causes amebic dysentery

A. Amoebozoans which has large tube/lobe shaped psuedopodia (false feet) C. slime molds fit in this sub group under amoebozoans . D. Tubulinids falls under unikonta E. Entamoebas- Entamoeba histolytica which causes amebic dysentery

Mark all that applies. Opisthokonts: A. tubulinds fall under this subgroup B. animals, fungi and choanoflagellates fall under this subgroup C. Choanoflagellates- share a common ancestor with animals D. all the above

B. animals, fungi and choanoflagellates fall under this subgroup C. Choanoflagellates- share a common ancestor with animals