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349 Peds Exam 4 > exam 2 peds review > Flashcards

exam 2 peds review Flashcards

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1
Q

What does peristalsis mean?

A

wavelike movement that helps squeeze food along the entire length of the alimentary tract

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2
Q

what’s the main site of absorption?

A

large intestine

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3
Q

what are some medications a child could be on that is causing them diarrhea?

A

antibiotics
laxative

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4
Q

its important to note that acute diarrhea is self limited within what time frame?

A

14 days, 2 weeks

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5
Q

what is the therapeutic management we will do to these children with diarrhea?

A

fluid & electrolyte balance
rehydration
reintroduction of an adequate diet

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6
Q

what is the best “medicine” to give to kids to help with vomit and diarrhea when it comes to oral rehydration therapy?

A

pedialyte

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7
Q

what is a newborn first poop?
and when should it come out ?

A

meconium
24-36hours of life

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8
Q

what is meconium plug?
how can we help?

what is meconium ileus?
how can we help?
this is the first sign of ^

A

obstruction near the butt
irrigation with water

obstruction inside the intestine
- surgical removal

first sign of cystic fibrisos

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9
Q

what are two medications we can do to help with constipatoin?

A

miralax and enemas

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10
Q

obviously the recommendation to help with constipation is fiber, how much per day is recommended?

A

age in years + 5g of fiber per day

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11
Q

what are medications and position we will give children with vomit?

A

zofran & oral rehydration therapy
up right position

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12
Q

what is Hirschsprung disease
( congenital aganglonic megacolon )?

A

congenital issue where obstruction occurs due to the lack of ganglion cells in an area of the intestine

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13
Q

what is the biggest clinical manifestation of HD ?

A

ribbon like foul stool

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14
Q

what is the treatment for HD?

A

surgery

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15
Q

what is GERD?

A

inappropriate transient relaxation of LES

remember how LES relaxes to let food pass and then contracts to close up , but during GERD it doesn’t contract and food content goes up

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16
Q

what type of foods will a child avoid with GERD?

A

caffeine
citrus
alcohol
peppermints
spicy foods

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17
Q

how should a child be feed with Gerd

how should a child be given food?

A

upright positioning
small and frequent

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18
Q

what medications is given to help with Gerd?

A

pepcids

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19
Q

what might be a surgery we will do to help with GERD when it gives severe?

A

fundoplication

( we wrap a bit of the stomach around the esophagus )

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20
Q

what is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

often alternating diarrhea and constipation

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21
Q

what is the difference between
acute appendicitis and ruptured appendix?

A

acute appendicitis is the inflammation of vermiform appendix

ruptured is the opening of the appendix perforation

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22
Q

what does peritonitis mean?

A

inflammation that spreads rapidly throughout the abdomen

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23
Q

what is the biggest clinical manifestation of appendicitis?

A

mcburney point
rebound tenderness
cramping

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24
Q

where is the mcburney point?

A

2/3 away from the umbilicus in the right lower quadrant

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25
Q

how do we know that the patient has a rupture appendix?

A

sudden relief of pain after perforation

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26
Q

what Is the treatment of appendicitis?

A

appendectomy

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27
Q

what is the difference between ulcerative colitis and crohns disease?

A

UC - rectum and colon
crohn - inflammation in any point of the GI tract

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28
Q

what type of mediations do we give to uc and crohn?

A

corticosteroids
- like prednisone

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29
Q

since the biggest complication with CD is growth failure, what do you think we should give them for a diet to help with nutrients and growth?

A

high protein and calorie

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30
Q

for Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), where are ulcers mainly found?

A

duodenum of the intestine

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31
Q

what is the main cause of pud?

A

h.pylori

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32
Q

what are some common clinical manifestation of PUD?
what type of vomit
what type of poop

A

hematemesis
melena

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33
Q

how do we treat PUD?

A

treated infection with antibiotics
antacids help with gastric acid

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34
Q

what is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

pyloric sphincter becomes thick and results in the narrowing/elongation of the canal - leading to obstruction

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35
Q

what is the 2 biggest clinical manifestation of pyloric sphincter?

A

projective vomit
Oliver shape body

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36
Q

what is the management of pyloric sphincter?

A

pyloromyotomy

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37
Q

what is instussuception ?
what is volvulus ?
what is malrotation?

A

I - the intensinte telescopes inside itself
V - complete wrapping around another organ
M - rotations the wrong way

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38
Q

what is the biggest manifestation of INTUSSUSEPCITON?

A

palpable sausage shape

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39
Q

how do we treat intussupceiton?

A

with this barium to look inside, ends up unfolding itself

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40
Q

what is celiac disease?

A

autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten

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41
Q

what is the biggest manifestation of celiac disease?

A

steatorrhea ( fat frothy foul bulk stool )

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42
Q

what is the treatment of celiac disease?

A

no gluten

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43
Q

what is short bowl syndrome
how do we treat it?

A

very small intestine, lacks absorption

frequent TPN

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44
Q

HEP a vs HEP B
caused by
treated by

A

fecal to oral
fluids

vaccines

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45
Q

manifestation of HEP A

manifestation of hep B

A

fever, anorexia, vomit

rash, pruritus, arthralgia

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46
Q

what is biliary arestia?
treatment?

A

block in the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder

ursodeoxycholic acid & surgery

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47
Q

what is esophageal atresia and trachoesophageal fistula?

A

disconnection between the esophagus, trachea and into the stomach

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48
Q

biggest manifestation of esophageal atresia?

A

frothy saliva
drooling!!

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49
Q

what is acute nasopharngitits?

A

common cold

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50
Q

what is the treatment of acute nasopharngitis?

A

decongestants

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51
Q

what is acute streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

GABGS infection ( strep thorat )

52
Q

what is the treatment of strep throat?

A

oral penicillin
amoxicillin for 10 days

53
Q

what is tonsillitis ?

A

inflammation of the tonsils

54
Q

if we do surgery for tonsillitis, what is the thing we must look out for ?

A

frequent swallowing because it could indicate internal bleeding

55
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis? or kissing disease

A

the Epstein Barr virus

56
Q

what is the biggest thing to know about mono?

treatment?

A

enlarged spleen

  • so avoid contact sports

support care because it is a virus

57
Q

what is influenza?

A

virus

58
Q

what its the treatment of influenza?

A

tamiflu and relenza

59
Q

when should we give tamiflu and relenza? like what is the time frame?

A

48 hours of onset of symptoms

60
Q

why should children not receive aspirin when they have a viral infection ?

A

reye syndrome

61
Q

what is otitis media?

A

fluid in the middle ear along with acute signs of illness and sy,ptpms of middle ear inflammation

62
Q

what is the primary patho behind otitis media?

A

the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube

63
Q

what is the treatment of otitis media?

A

amoxicillin

  • augmentin
64
Q

pneumococcal vaccine helps reduce the rate of om? TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

65
Q

what is otitis external?
also known as?

A

swimmer ear

infections of the external ear canal;

66
Q

what is croup syndrome ?

A

resonant cough described as barking or brassy

67
Q

what is acute epiglottis?

A

a medical emergency in which where we can see the eplogittis in the child throat

68
Q

nurses who suspect epiglottis should not attempt to what?

A

look with a tongue depressor or take a culture

69
Q

if a child is better sitting in a tripod position, why should the nurse encourage this behavior for epiglottis?

A

because its an emergency, we can have a compete respiratory distress if we move him

70
Q

what should be at the bedside of epiglottis ?

A

tracheostomy kit

71
Q

how do we prevent epiglottis?

A

HIB vaccine

72
Q

wha tis acute laryngotracheobroncitis?

A

common type of croup you see in children when they go to bed and they sound like bark cough

73
Q

treamtne of LTB?

A

cold night air
stand in front of an open freezer

74
Q

what is bacteria tracheitis?

A

infection of the mucosa and soft issue of the upper trachea

75
Q

how do we treat bacteria tracheitis ?

A

antibiotics, steroids and antipyretics

76
Q

what is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the large airways, trachea and bronchi

77
Q

what is bronchiolitis ?

A

acute viral infection that is caused by RSV

78
Q

there is one thing that can 100% cure RSV, what is it?

A

palivizumab

79
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma

80
Q

how do we prevent pneumonia ?

A

PCV vaccine

81
Q

what is pertussis caused by?
main clinical manifestation
how do we prevention
how do we treat

A

bordetalla pertussis
whooping cough
DTAP
antibiotics

82
Q

what is tb?

A

tb bacteria gets into the lungs

83
Q

what is the TB vaccine name?

A

BCG Vaccine

84
Q

how do we know a positive tb skin test ?

when should you come back to assess the skin test?

A

10-15mm

48 Hours

85
Q

what is latent vs active tb?

A

no symptoms and no contangous

symptoms and contagious

86
Q

what is the best immunology testing for tb?

A

quantiferon and t-spot

87
Q

what is the 4 medication for TB?

A

INH
ethambutol
rifampin
pyrandixe

88
Q

what asthma characteristic ?
what is it doing?(2)
what do we treat first and then what?

A

wheezing, musical whimsical sound

bronchoconstricrion & inflammation

albuterol and then steroids

89
Q

a common manifestion of kids who become hypoxia is what?

A

restlessness

90
Q

epiglottis is the ____voice

A

hot potato voice

91
Q

what is the function of veins
what is the function of arteries?

A

bring deoxygenated blood
give oxygenated blood to body

92
Q

what are the two things that should close when fetal circulation ?

A

formen ovale
PDA

93
Q

PDA, helps connect ____ and ?

A

descending aorta to he main pulmonary artery

94
Q

what are the 2 cyanotic heart disease?

A

decreased pulmonary flow
increased pulmonary flow

95
Q

what are the 2 decrerased pulmonary flow for cyanotic heart disease

A

tetralogy of fallot
tricuspid atresia

96
Q

what are the 2 acyanotic heart disease?

A

left to right shunt
obstructive defects

97
Q

what are the 4 left to right shunt for acyanotic heart disease?

A

atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
atrioventicrular canal defect
pda

98
Q

what are the 4 obstructive acyanotic defect?

A

coarctation of the aorta
aortic stenosis
valvular aortic stenosis
pulmonic stenosis

99
Q

what is the description and patho of tetralogy of fallot (4)

A
  1. ventricular septal defect
  2. pulmonary stenos
  3. displaced aorta
  4. ventricular hypertrophy
100
Q

what is the x-ray for tetralogy of fallot?

A

boot shaped heart

101
Q

why do we see a boot shaped heart in tetra of fallot?

A

because of the intensive right ventricular hypertrophy

102
Q

what is the 3 main clinical manifestation of tetralogy of fallot?

A

tet spells
blue spells
hypoxia
murmor

103
Q

what position is best to help with tet spells?

means turning more blue

A

knee to chest position

104
Q

what defect is most common in children with Down syndrome ?

A

AV canal

105
Q

what is infective endocarditis ?

A

an infection of the inner lining of the heart, endocardium and involving the valves

106
Q

rheumatic fever mainly effects the ?

A

mitral valve

107
Q

what is Kawasaki disease? main thing to know about it

A

strawberry tongue

108
Q

how do we treat heart failure ? what two medications

A

diuretics and digoxin

109
Q

diuretics
furosemide
spironlocation ( potassium sparing )

A
110
Q

what medication we will use to help reduce the after load of the heart for heart failure ?

A

ACE inhibits
- vasodilators

111
Q

dont give digoxin when the patient has what

A

bradycardia
visual disturbances like halo signs

112
Q

average dioxin dosing for infants?

A

1ML (50mcg, 0.05 mg )

113
Q

what is the antidote for digoxin?

A

digoxin immune fab fragment

114
Q

digoxin causes what type of potassium?

A

hypokalemia !

115
Q

cyanotic is right to left shunting
acyanotic is left tor right shunting

explain it

A

cyanotic -no oxygen whatsoever

acyanotic - oxygen come up, then oxygen leave, overall circulation

116
Q

acyanotic left to right shunt is famous for causing ?

A

pulmonary congestion
heart failure

117
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome? 4 big manifestations

A

proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
hyperlipidemia
edema

118
Q

how does the urine look like in nephrotic syndrome ?

A

darkly opalescent and frothy

119
Q

what is the diet for nephrotic syndrome ?

A

no salt

120
Q

what medications do we give to nephrotic syndrome ?

A

steroids
diuretics and immunoesuppreants

121
Q

what is the principle of acute kidney injury?

A

oligoanuria

122
Q

AKI has what type of potassium?

A

hyperkalemia

123
Q

urinary tract infection
- mainly in girls
- use cotton underwear
- encourage using the bathroom to avoid holing the urine

A
124
Q

what is acute glomerulonephritis ?

A

post strep infection that went untreated

125
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of APSGN?

A

face edema, especially in the eye

126
Q

how does the urine look like in APSGN?

A

cola colored urine

349 Peds Exam 4 (7 decks)

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