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Patho Exam 2 Spring 2014 > Exam 2 Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Exam 2 Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Fluconazole

A

Diflucan
Newer azole antifungal drug
Less effective than amphotericin B for fungal infections
Treatment of systemic fungal infections
Causes cell death/ruins cell permeability
Contraindicated in: renal dysfunction, liver disease, P/L
Adverse: steven johnson–rash
Interactions: risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin, rifampin, INH, antagonizes effects of amphotericin B
Prophylactic agent for candidiasis in bone marrow transplant

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2
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Abelcet/fungizone
Binds to fungal cell wall, allows leakage of cell
Can be given IV, intrathecal, or epidural
Use for progressive potentially fatal fungal
Given for: aspergillosis, candida infections, cryptococcosis meningitis
Contraindicated in kidney disease and lactation
Adverse: kidney failure, bone marrow suppression, weight loss
Interactions: antineoplastics, corticosteroids, AZT, azoles, digoxin
Pre medicate patient before therapy!!

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3
Q

Gentamicin

A

Garamycin
Antibiotic
Aminoglycosides
Inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram negative aerobic bacilli bacteria, disturbs functional integrity of the cell membrane and causes cell death
Tx of serious infections caused by bacteria
Contraindicated in allergies, R/H disease, hearing loss
Adverse: OTOTOXICITY, NEPHROTOXICITY, sinusitis, dizzy, rash, fever
Interactions: diuretics—increases ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Synergistic w/ penicillin
EVALUATE CRANIAL NERVER FUNCTION BEFORE AND DURING

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4
Q

Aztreonam

A

Azactam
Monobactams
Antibiotic–disrupts bacteria cell wall synthesis–promotes leakage of cell and cell death
tx of UTI, skin, intra abdominal, gynecologic infections
Contraindicated in Allergies/pregancy/ renal impairment/ peds<9 yrs old
Interactions: serum levels increased by furosemide or probenecid

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5
Q

Tetracycline

A

Sumycin
Tetracyclines
Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria preventing cell replication
Semisynthetic antibiotic based on structure of common soil mold
Contraindicated in P/L and peds <8 yrs old
Do not take with milk, Ca, Mg (decreases absorption)–avoid within 1-3 hr of administration
MAY CAUSE YELLOW BROWN DISCOLORATION AND SOFTENING OF TEETH/BONES IF GIVEN PRENATALLY OR CHILDHOOD, bone marrow suppression, photosensitivity, super infections, rash
Give 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals w/full glass of liquid

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6
Q

Cefaclor

A

Ceclor
Antibiotic
Cephalosporin
Inhibits synthesis of cell cells, causing cell death
Used for gram negative and gram positive
Increased incidence of cross sensitivity w/PCN
DO NOT GIVE CEFACLOR IF PT HAS ALLERGY TO CEPHALOSPORIN, PENICILLIN
Take C&S before therapy
Can give IM or IV
Can cause colitis
Avoid alcohol for 72 hrs after DC drug
Increase risk of nephrotoxicity w/aminoglycoside use
Increase risk of bleeding w/anticoagulants
OBSERVE FOR ANAPHYLAXIS
DONT GIVE W/IN ONE HR OF ANTACIDS

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7
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Cipro
Fluoroquinolones
Antibiotic
Interferes with DNA replication in gram negative, prevents cell replication
Newer drug
TX AFTER ANTHRAX EXPOSURE, TYPHOID FEVER
Contraindicated in A/P/L/Peds/ Myasthenia gravis
Action decreased when given with antacids, minerals, iron
Keep epinephrine close by
Give on empty stomach w/full glass of water 1 hr before or 2 hrs after meals

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8
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Amoxil
Antibiotic
Extended spectrum of penicillins
Inhibits synthesis of cell wall in bacteria causing cell death
Tx streptococcal, pneumococcal, stephylococcal, susp bacteria
Post exposure prophylaxis for anthrax, tx of helicobacter for combo therapy
Contraindicated in cephalosporin or PCN allergy
Causes GI effects: N,V,D, furry tongue
Adverse effects: decrease effectiveness w/PCN, tetracycline
Avoid amino glycosides
TELL FEMALE PT TO USE ADDITIONAL CONTRACEPTIVES

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9
Q

Cotrimoxazole

A

Bactrim/septra
Antibiotic
Sulfonamides
INHIBITIS FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS
Tx of UTI, acute otitis media in children, chronic bronchitis, travelers diarrhea, pneumocystis carnii pneumonia
Contraindicated in A/P/L, megaloblastic anemia secondary to folate deficiency, severe renal impairment
Adverse: hepatocellular necrosis, hematuria, bone marrow suppression, steven johnson, urticaria, photophobia, fever, chills
Interactions: dig, warfarin, methotrexate, rifampin, antineoplastic

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10
Q

Isoniazid

A

INH
Antimycobacterials
Antibiotic
Interferes with lipid and nucleic acid synthesis in actively growing tubercle bacilli, leads to lack of growth and bacterial death
Contains pathogens causing TB and leprosy–act on DNA
Tx of acid fast bacteria (TB)—part of combination therapy–prophylactic tx of household members of dx tuberculars
Contraindicated in hypersensitivity, acute liver dx, hepatitis from isoniazid, P/L
Adverse: N/V, gynecomastia, irritation of GI tract
Interactions: when used with rifampin, alc, acetaminophen—causes liver toxicity, aluminum antacids can decrease absorption, severe reactions w/ tyramine
BLACK/HISPANIC POST PARTAL WOMEN & PT OLDER THAN 50–HIGHEST RISK. If overdose occurs–tx with vitamin V

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11
Q

Chloroquine

A

Aralen
Antimalarials
Interupts plasmodial reproduction of protein synthesis agents that do not affect sporozoites (spores) are used for prophylaxis—inhibits other stages of life cycle
Give for malaria
Contraindicated in A/P/L, liver diseases, alcholism, RETINAL DISEASE, PSORIASIS
Adverse: quinine create risk of cardiac toxicity, risk of bone marrow suppression

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12
Q

Metronidazole

A

Flagyl
Antiprotozoals
Inhibits DNA synthesis in specific anaerobes causing cell death
Used for amebic type infections, anaerobic bacteria, prophylaxis for colorectal surgery
CAUSES METALLIC TASTE
DARKENING OF URINE, ATAXIA, DIZZY, GI UPSET
May cause psychosis w/disulfiram

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13
Q

What can cause 8th cranial nerve adverse effects?

A

Aminoglycosides

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14
Q

Resistance can happen in what two ways

A

natural or acquired

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15
Q

If patient has mouth sores you should ask about

A

antibiotic use–superinfection

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16
Q

Before administering an anti-infective, the nurse must make sure what was done?

A

Culture test

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17
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

interferes with replication of bacteria

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18
Q

What is not an adverse effect of an anti-infective?

A

Cardiac toxicity,

Normal adverse effects: neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity, kidney damage

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19
Q

Aminoglycoside therapy–make sure to check

A

renal function—adverse–kidney dysfunction

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20
Q

Infection is normally caused by how many organisms?

A

More than one–may require complement therapy

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21
Q

Superinfections normally caused where and by what?

A

Proteus
Yeast
Psuedomonas

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22
Q

Which is more likely to cause a superinfection? Narrow or broad spectrum?

A

Broad

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23
Q

Macrolides

A

Interferes w/protein synthesis

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24
Q

Sulfonamides action

A

prevent the organism from using essential substances

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25
Q

Monobactam

A

Aztreonam

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26
Q

Sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of

A

folic acid

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27
Q

Cephalosporin drug

A

Cefaclor

28
Q

Example of a gram pos bacteria

A

strep pneumonia

29
Q

When would you give linezolid?

A

When bacteria is resistant to methicillin and vancomycin

30
Q

Aminglycoside drug

A

gentamycin

31
Q

Example of gram neg bacteria

A

GI or GU, e coli

32
Q

What antibiotic may turn your tears, saliva orange?

A

Rifampin

33
Q

What antibiotic should be avoided <8 yrs age?

A

Tetracycline

34
Q

Most fluuroquinolones are given in what form?

A

Oral

35
Q

First line agents for TB

A

Rifampin
INH
Pyrazinamide

36
Q

What two drugs can cause severe ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity if given together?

A

Aminoglycosides and diuretics

37
Q

Most commmon fluoroquinolone

A

Ciprofloxacin

38
Q

When giving a cephalosporin and amino glycoside, a nurse must check what?

A

Serum BUN levels

39
Q

How long after taking a cephalosporin should someone avoid alcohol for?

A

72 hrs

40
Q

How long is someone typically on an anti tubercular drug?

A

6 months to 2 yrs

41
Q

To check if HIV medications are effective, what should you check?

A

T cells

42
Q

Blocks viral replication

A

interferon

43
Q

Zanamivir is administered in what way?

A

diskinhaler

44
Q

Why use combination therapy for a virus?

A

To attack at various stages of the life cycle

45
Q

tx for avian flu

A

oseltamivir

46
Q

Initial teaching for asymptomatic HIV pt

A

avoid driving, see doctor often, written med schedule

47
Q

What antiviral is given if someone has renal impairment?

A

Nelfinavir—excreted in feces–little in kidney

48
Q

How long do you administer ganciclovir?

A

60 min every 12 hrs

49
Q

What antiviral is teratogenic and category X

A

Ribavirin

50
Q

Why should someone not take antiviral med with st john wart

A

st john wart will decrease antiviral effects

51
Q

Which antiviral is safe in pregnancy?

A

Zidovudine

52
Q

Drug for influenza A and RSV

A

Ribavirin

53
Q

What antiviral can be used in the eye?

A

trifluridine

54
Q

fluconazole MAO

A

blocks activity of sterol in fungal wall

55
Q

Caution the use of ketoconazole w/ ?

A

Digoxin, increased serum of digoxin

56
Q

Toe fungal infection meds may take how long?

A

12 wks

57
Q

What should you check during amphotericin b therapy?

A

orientation, reflexes, liver, renal

58
Q

What is a contraindication for antimalarial drugs?

A

Liver dysfunction

59
Q

How is giardiasis spread?

A

contaminated water

60
Q

How many stages does ambesiases occur in?

A

2

61
Q

Which anthelmintic does not undergo metabolism in the body?

A

mebendazole, and can start therapy again in 2 wks

62
Q

Most common worm infection?

A

pinworms

63
Q

What would indicate threadworm infection?

A

pneumonia

64
Q

Whipworm infection causes?

A

Anemia

65
Q

Ascaris

A

eating unclean veggies

66
Q

Filariasis

A

swelling

Patho Exam 2 Spring 2014 (4 decks)

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