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Nursing School Pt 1 > Exam 2: Patho Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2: Patho Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Signs may include flaring nostrils, use of accessory muscles and retraction of ICS

A

Dyspnea

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2
Q

The coughing up of bloody secretions

A

hemoptysis

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3
Q

What does hemoptysis indication

A
  • inflammation that damages the bronchi
  • TB
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4
Q

What are the results of hypoventilation

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • sleepy/disoriented
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5
Q

What are the results of hyperventilation?

A
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • anxiety, could be pneumonia
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6
Q

This is caused by increased amounts of desaturated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood

A

cyanosis

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7
Q

What diseases could clubbing be associated with?

A
  • hypoexmiabronciestatis,
  • cystic fibrosis,
  • pulmonary fibrosis
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8
Q

This is associated with increased ventilatory rate with no expratory pause. Usually caused by strenous exercise or metabolic acidosis?

A

Kussmaul Breathing

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9
Q

This breathing pattern is caused by any condition that reduces blood flow to the brain stems

A

Cheyne Stokes

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10
Q

The difference between hypoxia hypoxemia

A
  • -oxia is associated w/ tissues, no lab values
  • -emia is associated w/ blood pressure below normal lab value
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11
Q

What is V/Q Ratio

A
  • balance of ventilation/perfusion
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12
Q

What is the “v” referring to?

A

air entering alveoli

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13
Q

What is “q” referring to?

A

amount of blood perfusing the capillaries around the alveoli

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14
Q

What is low v/q

A
  • shunting
  • inadequate ventilation

asthma, atelactasis, pulmonary edema

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15
Q

What is high v/q

A
  • poor **perfusion **of well ventilated lungs

PE

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16
Q

What is the difference between V/Q mismatch and shunt when supplemental oxygen is administered?

A

V/Q mismatch will respond well but shunts (Qs/Qt) will not.

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17
Q

How does obstruction/infection/fluid lead to compromised alveolar air exchange?

A
  • limited ventilation 02 delivery to alveoli
  • limited diffusion of 02 from alveoli to blood
  • limited perfusion of capillaries
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18
Q

What do chest wall disorders affect?

A
  • affects tidal wave
  • results in hypercapnia
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19
Q

What do pleural diseases impact?

A
  • ventilation
  • oxygenation
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20
Q

Define pneumothorax?

A
  • air in the pleural space
  • destroys neg pressure
  • lung collapse
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21
Q

Define Open Pneumothorax

A
  • air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure
  • b/c air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced back out during expiration
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22
Q

indicates there was trauma to the chest resulting in the collapse of the lung

A

Secondary pneumothorax

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23
Q

when constrictions and dilations destroy the bronchi.

A

Varicose

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24
Q

Define Tension Pneumothorax?

A
  • pleural rupture acts as a one way valve
  • air ents on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration.
  • air pressure exceeds barometric pressure
  • life threatening
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25
Q

A 60 year old female with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. a diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. when giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as

A

transudative

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26
Q

What is empyema?

A

presence of microorganizms and cellular debris in pleural space

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27
Q

this is the collapse of lung tissue which tend to develop post op

A

Atelectasis

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28
Q

This is persisten abnormal dilation of the bronchi

A

Bronchiecstasis

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29
Q

Diseases associated w/ Bronchiectasis

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Obstructed Airway
  • Atelectasis
  • aspirative pneumonia
  • TB
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30
Q

What are restrictive lung disorders assocated with?

A
  • takes more effor to expand lung during inspiration
  • Dyspnea
  • Inc RR
  • Decreased TV
  • V/Q mismatch
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31
Q

a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction of the small airways or bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

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32
Q

This is an excessive amount of fibrosis tissue in the lung

A

pulmonary fibrosis

ARDS TB

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33
Q

This is when thick mucus gets secreted because of defective epithelial ion transport

A

Cystic Fibrosis

autosomal recessive gene

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34
Q

What does left sided heart failure cause?

A
  • increases pulmonary cap hydrostatic presssure
  • increases permeability
  • ARDS
  • inhalation of toxic gases
  • blockage of lymphatic vessels
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35
Q

A 42 year old female presents with dyspnea, rapid, shallow breathing, inspiratory crackles, decreased lung compliance, and hypoxemia. tests reveal a fulminate form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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36
Q

Describe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A
  • inflammation of avelocapillary membrane
  • severe pulm edema
  • v/Q mismathc (shunting)
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37
Q

Major Disease associated with ARDS

A
  • sepsis,
  • multiple trauma,
  • burns,
  • pna,
  • aspiration,
  • drug od
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38
Q

What causes decrease breath sounds?

A

COPD & mucous

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39
Q

Why is expiration difficult in emphysema

A

because of loss of elastic recoil. Air gets trapped in the lungs

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40
Q

What is the difference for children vs adults with lymph nodes?

A
  • enlarge in children
  • atrophy in adults
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41
Q

What is this representative of?

A

Emphysema

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42
Q

This is chronic productive cough, hypersecretion of mucous and v/q mismath

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • obstruction during expiration
  • narrowing of arrows
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43
Q

Describe Emphysema

A
  • Enlargement of the alveoli
  • Loss of elastic recoil
  • Air gets trapped in the lungs
  • hyperexpansion of the chest
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44
Q

How can asthma lead to COPD

A
  • permanent damage to lung tissue due to remodeling
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45
Q

Name the signs/symptoms of asthma

A
  • chest constriciton
  • expiratory wheezing
  • dyspnia
  • NON productive cough
  • prolonged expiration
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
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46
Q

What is pneumonia

A
  • infection of lower respiratory tract caused by bacterial infection
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47
Q

Name some things that could cause pneumonia

A
  1. aspiration
  2. inhalation of microorganisms
  3. Bacteremia (from blood to lungs)
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48
Q

What damage can pneumonia do?

A
  • lung damage
  • sepsis
  • accumulation of exudate leads to dyspnea and v/q mismatch
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49
Q

Causes of pulmonary hypertension

A
  • secondary to lung respiratory disease, hypoxia
  • secondary to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary htn
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50
Q

An 80 year old female is in the hospital for a bone fracture. while there she develops a large, nonlethal pulmonary embolus. What is the result of the obstruction of pulmonary blood flow>

A

pulmonary hypertension

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51
Q

This happens as a result of diseased lungs or pulmonary blood vessels

A

Cor Pulmonale- right side

excessive efor trying to overcome pulmonary htn

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52
Q

Latent TB Infection is

A
  • dont’ feel sick
  • They are infected with M. tuberculosis,
  • Do not have disease
  • positive skin test
  • cannot spread disease
53
Q

Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma is related to

A

exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation

54
Q

A 53 year old male with a 20 year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Why the patient’s airways are obstructed?

A

Loss of elastic recoil

55
Q

A 42 year old female presents with dyspnea, rapid, shallow breathing, inspiratory crackles, decreased lung compliance, and hypoxemia. tests reveal a fulminate form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

56
Q

A yougn patient is admitted to the pediatric unit with cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation. the nurse monitors the patient closely because the main cause of death in a child with CF is

A

respiratory failure

57
Q

What causes increased breath sounds

A

pneumonia

58
Q

This is a loud low pitched bubbling & gurgling. Starts in early inspiration. Sounds like a velcro fastener. Inhaled air is colliding with secretions in the trachea and large bronchi.

A
  • Crackles Course
  • pulmonary edema, pneumonia, depressed cough reflex
59
Q

Cigarette smoking produces:

A
  • an increased LDL level
  • thrombotic/inflammatory state
  • decreased HDL
60
Q

A 30 year old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. while planning interactions, the nurse realizes the patient can transmit this disease through

A

airborne droplets

61
Q

Tb Disease

A
  • Coughing for 3 weeks or longer
  • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
  • Chest pain
62
Q

Major cause of hypercapnia

A
  • supression of respiratory center
  • chest wall deformities
  • emphysema
  • airway obstruction
63
Q

Major cause of hypoxemia

A

v/q mismatch, respiratory inefficiency

64
Q

Define Croup

A
  • an acute laryngotracheobronchitis
  • occurs in children between 6 months and 5 years of age, with a peak incidence at 2 years of age
  • Almost always caused by a virus
65
Q

What is epiglottis in children?

A
  • bacterial invasion,
  • inflammation,
  • edema,
  • obstruction of airway
66
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Epiglottis

A
  • high fever
  • irritability
  • sore throa
  • inspiratory stridor
  • respiratory distress
  • muffled voice
67
Q

Which is the MOST common complication of an Acute Myocardial Infarcation (AMI)?

A

arrythmia

68
Q

A young woman presents with pallor, numbness, and a sensation of cold temperature of her digits. Which condition is the most likely cause for these symptoms?

A

Raynauds Phenomenon

69
Q

Define and embolus

A

detaches from the wall of a vessel and circulates within the vascular system until it reaches a vessel small enough for it to occlude

70
Q

a thrombus formation occurring mainly in the lower extremities

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

71
Q

veins have pooled blood.

A

Varicose

72
Q

a blood clot that remains attached to a vessel wall.

A

Thrombus

73
Q

A 60 year old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. what nursing measure would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient?

A

prevent deep vein thrombosis

74
Q

Arteriosclerosis plaque is caused by

A

collagen over a fatty streak that is composed of a large number of lipid-laden foam cells that deposit on the vessel wall.

75
Q

This can lead to fibrosclerotic remodeling of the skin and ulceration

A

venous insufficiency

76
Q

Persisten venous obstruction leads to

A

chronic venous insufficiency

77
Q

What ar the 3 factors of the Virchow Triad (promote DVT)

A
  1. Venous stasis
  2. venous endothelial damage (trauma)
  3. Hypercoagulable state (prego, hormones)
78
Q

Defined as progressive occlusion of of SVC and leads to venous distention in the upper extremities

A

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

79
Q

What can superior vena cava syndrom cause?

A
  1. headaches
  2. visual distrubances
  3. impaired consciousness
  4. face/arm skin purple and taut
  5. prolonged cap refill
80
Q

Which is the MOST common complication of an Acute Myocardial Infarcation (AMI)?

A

arrythmia

81
Q

Arteriosclerosis plaque is caused by

A

collagen over a fatty streak that is composed of a large number of lipid-laden foam cells that deposit on the vessel wall.

82
Q

A 60 year old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. what nursing measure would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient?

A

prevent deep vein thrombosis

83
Q

a blood clot that remains attached to a vessel wall.

A

Thrombus

84
Q

veins have pooled blood.

A

Varicose

85
Q

a thrombus formation occurring mainly in the lower extremities

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

86
Q

Define and embolus

A

detaches from the wall of a vessel and circulates within the vascular system until it reaches a vessel small enough for it to occlude

87
Q

A young woman presents with pallor, numbness, and a sensation of cold temperature of her digits. Which condition is the most likely cause for these symptoms?

A

Raynauds Phenomenon

88
Q

What happens in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • body fails to compensate, vessels dilate, heart rate drops
  • pooling blood
  • arterial pressure drops

meds, hypovolemia, starvation, immobile

89
Q

Characteristic associated with hypertension?

A
  1. Family history positive for hypertension
  2. High dietary sodium
  3. Glucose intolerance
  4. Obesity
90
Q

4 C’s Complications of Hypertension

A
  1. Coronary Artery Disease
  2. Coronary Rheumatic Fever
  3. Congestive Heart Failure
  4. Cerebral Vascular Accident CVA)
91
Q

What organs are affected by hypertension

A
  • Eyes
  • Heart
  • Brain
  • Kidney
92
Q

What is the most common cause of arterial aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis

93
Q

Define an Aneurysm

A
  • localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber.
  • Risk of rupture
94
Q

Define a true aneurysm

A

weakening of all 3 layers of the arterial wall.

95
Q

Risk Factors for Arterial Thrombosis

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Inflammation
  3. Traumatic Injury
  4. Infection
  5. Low Blood Pressure
  6. Aneurysm
  7. Heart Valve Calcification
  8. Obstructions/ Blood Stasis
96
Q

What can lead to a clotting cascade?

A

inflammation and endothelium cells

97
Q

What are the 2 threats that thrombi poses?

A
  1. May grow large enough to occlude artery causion ishchemia
  2. Thromboembolus if dislodged
98
Q

an inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries that tends to occur in young men who are heavy smokers

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

99
Q

This is what happens with thickening and hardening of the vessel walls. It perfuses the limbs, especially lower extremities.

A

Peripheral Artery Disease

prevalent in those with diabetes, bruits/pain

100
Q

What happens in thromboangitis obliterans?

A
  • Formation of non atherosclerotic lesions.
  • Obliterates small/medium sized arteries
101
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease

A
  • A vascular disorder that narrows arteries
  • deprives heart of oxygen
  • may lead to myocardial ischemia
102
Q

What is myocardial ischemia

A
  • temporary deprivation of coronary blood supply
  • Causes-
    • Angina, Pallor, Diaphoresis
    • Pain radiates to jaw, left arm, neck
103
Q

What is prinzmental angina

A
  • does not improve with rest
  • spasms of coronary arteries
104
Q

What can Myocardial Ischemia (angina) lead to..?

A
  • Myocardial infarcation (irreversible)
  • Unstable Angina (reversible)
105
Q

What is a stemi?

A

ST-elevation myocardial infarction is caused by a sudden complete (100%) blockage of a heart artery.

106
Q

How does Subendocardial Infarcation present itself on EKG?

A
  • ST segment depression
  • T wave inversion
107
Q

What happens after 8-10 seconds after MI

A
  • Myocardium cyanotic
  • ischemia leads to release of catecholamines
  • sympathetic responses
  • dysrithmias
108
Q

What is a Transmural Infarcation?

A
  • STEMI- ST interval is elevated
  • extends through the myocardiu to epicardium
109
Q

Causes for Acute Pericarditis

A
  • HIV
  • Bacteria
  • MI
  • Trauma
  • Surgery
  • Idiopathic (no known cause)
110
Q

20 Min after MI

A
  • Temporary loss of contractile functioning
  • RAAS, aldosterone
  • myocardial remodeling
  • Creatinine-Kinase triggered

Hormones get triggered

111
Q

Complications of MI

A
  • sudden cardiac arrest due to ischemia
  • left ventricular dysfunction (failure)
  • pericarditis
112
Q

What are clinical manifestation of MI

A
  1. chest discomfort
  2. heart burn, pressure
  3. feeling of impending doom
  4. nausea, vomiting, pallor, diaphoresis
  5. dyspnea
113
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pericarditis? x5

A
  1. fever
  2. chest pain worsening w/ respiratory movement
  3. pain radiates to the back
  4. tachycardia
  5. pericardial friction rub
114
Q

What is chronic pericarditis

A
  • pericardium is composed of scar tissue and calcifications
  • caused from TB or radiation exposure
115
Q

What are some causes for pericardial effusion?

A

fluid overload, heart failure hypoproteinemia

116
Q

This is impaired systolic function leading to systolic heart failure

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

117
Q

This has been the cause of more thatn 33 % of sudden deaths in athletes. Risks for ventricular dysrhythmias

A

Hypertrochic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

118
Q

This occurs due to increased resistance to ventricular ejection. Due to faulty aortic valve…

A

Hypertensive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

119
Q

Describe Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A
  • increased diastolic pressure
  • normal systolic function
  • inadequate filling
  • STIFF
120
Q

What can manifest because of heart disease?

A
  1. Rhematic Fever
  2. Rheumatic Heart Sisease
  3. Infective Endocarditis
  4. Dysrhthmias
  5. Shock
121
Q

This is an exaggerated immune response to pharyngeal infection by the group A beta hemolytic streptococci

A

Acute Rheumatic Fever- if left untreated can lead to rheumatic heart disease

122
Q

What happens with rheumatic heart disease

A
  • Inflammation of heart walls
  • Chronic mitral and aortic valves dysfunction
123
Q

This is a comlication of septic shock and is the failure of 2 or more organs?

A

Multiple organ dysfucntion syndrome (MODS)

124
Q

This is when insterstitial fluid moves into vascular compartment, RAAs system is actived and releases ADH

A

Compensatory Mechanisms of shock

125
Q

Causes for Cardiogenic Shock (decreased CO)

A
  • MI
  • Lef sided heart failure
  • dysrhythmias
  • valve dysfunction
126
Q

This is due to extreme loss of blood volume, due to hemorrhage

A

hypovolemic shock

symptoms start when 15% of loss

127
Q

This is due to parasympathetic overstimulation and sympathetic under stimulation?

A

Vasogenic Shock (widespread vasodilation)

Anaphalactic Shock is similiar

128
Q

This can lead to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A
  • Septic Shock
  • 28-60% mortality
  • MODS

Nursing School Pt 1 (4 decks)

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