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Nursing School Pt 1 > Exam 2 Patho Evolve Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Patho Evolve Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Who would be at highest risk for developing pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A

72 year old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital

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2
Q

How soon are ECG changes visible after hypoxia

A

30 to 60 seconds

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3
Q

Where do aortic blood flow problems occu?

A
  • From the left ventricle to the aorta.
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4
Q

This occurs with activity and is often limited and resolves with rest

A
  • Stable angina
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5
Q

Expiratory stridor

A

a monophonic wheeze

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6
Q

A 30 year old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. he experiences respiratory failure. which of the following lab values would the nurse expect

A

elevated PaCO2

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7
Q

A group of mountain climbers experience confusion, tachycardia, edema, and decreased renal output after climbing Mount Rainier. A nurse recalls this condition is caused by

A

Decreased inspired oxygen

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8
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • dyspnea
  • crackless
  • dullness of percuss at lung bases
  • pink frothy sputum
  • hypercapnia
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9
Q

Which is the MOST common complication of an Acute Myocardial Infarcation (AMI)?

A

arrythmia

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10
Q

Arteriosclerosis plaque is caused by

A

collagen over a fatty streak that is composed of a large number of lipid-laden foam cells that deposit on the vessel wall.

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11
Q

A 60 year old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. what nursing measure would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient?

A

prevent deep vein thrombosis

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12
Q

A 10 year old male is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. the most likely diagnosis on the chart is

A

Status asthmaticus

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13
Q

a blood clot that remains attached to a vessel wall.

A

Thrombus

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14
Q

has a rumbling-decrescendo murmur.

A

Mitral stenosis

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15
Q

a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction of the small airways or bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

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16
Q

Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma is related to

A

exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation

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17
Q

what is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A
  • left sided heart failure
  • increasing pressure of left chambers of the heart
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18
Q

cause a release on renin

A
  1. decrease in the amount of sodium delivered to the kidney.
  2. beta-adrenergic stimuli
  3. low potassium concentration
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19
Q

An 80 year old female is in the hospital for a bone fracture. while there she develops a large, nonlethal pulmonary embolus. What is the result of the obstruction of pulmonary blood flow>

A

pulmonary hypertension

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20
Q

A cough in an infant can be a sign of

A
  • infection
  • foreign body
  • obstruction.
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21
Q

Define Emphysema

A
  • abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways (acini) accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
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22
Q

while reviewing lab results, the help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year old child which substance will be present in the child’s sweat

A

sodium chloride

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23
Q

A 53 year old male with a 20 year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Why the patient’s airways are obstructed?

A

Loss of elastic recoil

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24
Q

Which structures are considered part of the acinus?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveoli
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25
Q

Define Open Pneumothorax

A
  • air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure
  • b/c air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced back out during expiration
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26
Q

Hypoxemia and cyanosis are generally caused by

A
  1. lesions that cause right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
  2. defects involving mixing of saturated and unsaturated blood
  3. transposition of the great arteries
  4. deoxygenated blood flowing into systemic circulation
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27
Q

indicates there was trauma to the chest resulting in the collapse of the lung

A

Secondary pneumothorax

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28
Q

caused by cell death and necrosis secondary to trauma or pressure-induced oxygen deficiency

A

Venous Stasis Ulcers

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29
Q

an inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries that tends to occur in young men who are heavy smokers

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

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30
Q

Cyanosis definition

A
  • bluish discoloration of the skin & mucous membranes,
  • caused by increasing amounts of desaturated or reduced hemglobin in the blood.
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31
Q

A 42 year old female presents with dyspnea, rapid, shallow breathing, inspiratory crackles, decreased lung compliance, and hypoxemia. tests reveal a fulminate form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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32
Q

What can commonly occur in an infants airway?

A

Obstruction

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33
Q

A patient has been diagnosed with a pericardial effusion resulting in the presence of frank blood. Which condition is associated with a bloody effusion?

A
  • Coagulation defect, trauma, and aneurysms
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34
Q

A yougn patient is admitted to the pediatric unit with cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation. the nurse monitors the patient closely because the main cause of death in a child with CF is

A

respiratory failure

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35
Q

Characteristic associated with hypertension?

A
  1. Family history positive for hypertension
  2. High dietary sodium
  3. Glucose intolerance
  4. Obesity
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36
Q

Which part of the heart is responsible for electrical impulse stimulation?

A

SA Node

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37
Q

A patient is diagnosed with an antidiuretic hormone-producing lung tumor. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

small cell carcinoma

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38
Q

when constrictions and dilations destroy the bronchi.

A

Varicose

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39
Q

Airway Obstruction is most likely to occur in which age group?

A
  • in infants.
  • This is due to their smaller airway and smaller diameter.
  • more cartilage and collapse easily.
  • A cough can be a sign of infection, foreign body, or obstruction.
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40
Q

Define Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A
  • attacks of SOB & coughing that occur at night.
  • Awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening.
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41
Q

A 23-year-old patient presents with severe chest pain that worsens with respiratory movements and with lying down. What is the most appropriate intervention?

A

Administer analgesics

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42
Q

a 53 year old male with a 20 year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. when the nurse is asked what causes this, what is the nurse’s best response? changes in his lungs are caused by

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

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43
Q

Which statement regarding cellular injury of the myocardium is correct?

A

Myocardial cells remain viable if blood flow returns within 20 minutes.

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44
Q

definition of cardiac preload?

A

Pressure generated by the end-diastolic volume

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45
Q

an increase in parasympathetic nervous stimulation and a decrease in sympathetic nervous stimulation

A

Vasogenic Shock

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46
Q

a harsh, vibratory sound of variable pitch due to turbulent flow through the partially obstructed airway

A

Stridor

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47
Q

This sound is high pitched, monphonic. It is louder in the neck than over the chest wall. Upper airway obstruction- swollen tissues or lodged foreign body.

A
  • Stridor
  • croup, acute epiglottis child, foreign inhalation.
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48
Q

A patient presents with chest pain that occurs at rest. Abnormal vasospasm of the coronary arteries is detected. What is the most likely cause of the chest pain?

A
  • Prinzmetal angina
    • produces pain at rest and is common in women
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49
Q

What is the appropriate term for the “thick filaments of myosin that constitute a central dark band”?

A

A Band

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50
Q

Which term describes the occlusion of a blood vessel from a bolus of circulating matter in the bloodstream?

A

Embolus

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51
Q

What causes decrease breath sounds?

A

COPD & mucous

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52
Q

This type of shock is due to infection

A

Septic

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53
Q

a decrease in blood volume due to hemorrhage

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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54
Q

a correct cause and effect sequence in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A
  • alveolocapillary membrane injury causing a massive inflammatory response
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55
Q

Which structure is the source of nutrients for the blood vessels?

A

vasa vasorum

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56
Q

This reflex facilitates blood pressure changes and heart rate changes.

A

baroreceptor reflex

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57
Q

Which diagnosis finding is characteristically present when the parietal pleura is infected?

A

Friction Rub

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58
Q

Normal Heart Rate for a newborn?

A

100 - 180

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59
Q

What is the process called where carbon dioxide (CO2) is exchanged for oxygen?

A

Respiration

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60
Q

This is a medical condition places a client at a higher risk for developing chronic upper airway obstruction?

A
  • Congenital malformation (present at birth)
  • Subglottic stenosis
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61
Q

veins have pooled blood.

A

Varicose

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62
Q

What causes increased breath sounds

A

pneumonia

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63
Q

when the bronchi become large and balloon like.

A

saccular

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64
Q

What two factors determine cardiac output?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

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65
Q

inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands

A

Hypoventilation

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66
Q

A geneticist is discussing cystic fibrosis (CF). which information should be included? CF is an ____ disease

A

autosomal recessive

two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop.

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67
Q

a thrombus formation occurring mainly in the lower extremities

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

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68
Q

chest pain, usually substernal chest discomfort

A

Angina Pectoris

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69
Q

A patient has rheumatic fever. Which valve is most commonly affected?

A

Mitral

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70
Q

While planning care for a child with asthma, which of the following is characteristic of asthma

A

Prolonged Expirations

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71
Q

the leading cause of death in the first year of life

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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72
Q

what is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A
  • left sided heart failure
  • increasing pressure of left chambers of the heart
73
Q

This interval is the time when the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized?

A

The ST interval

74
Q

Which condition can cause of hypercapnia?

A
  • Disease of the medulla
  • Large airway obstruction
  • Thoracic cage abnormalities
  • Depression of Respiratory Center
75
Q

Which receptor monitors pH, PaCO2, and PaO2 of arterial blood?

A

Chemoreceptors

76
Q

An irregular shallow pattern of breathing caused by an OD of narcotics, anesthetics or prolonged bed rest.

A
  • Hypoventilation
77
Q

Define Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A
  • attacks of SOB & coughing that occur at night.
  • Awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening.
78
Q

often referred to as the cardioinhibitory center

A

Parasympathetic Excitation

79
Q

A 28 year old male reports to his primary care provider that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions.

A

hemoptysis

80
Q

A patient has impaired blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Which valvular problems does this describe?

A

Mitral Stenosis

81
Q

This is a loud low pitched bubbling & gurgling. Starts in early inspiration. Sounds like a velcro fastener. Inhaled air is colliding with secretions in the trachea and large bronchi.

A
  • Crackles Course
  • pulmonary edema, pneumonia, depressed cough reflex
82
Q

Define and embolus

A

detaches from the wall of a vessel and circulates within the vascular system until it reaches a vessel small enough for it to occlude

83
Q

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome, what is a predisposing factor

A

Premature Birth

84
Q

The inflammation caused by a thrombus

A

Thrombophlebitis

85
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction, causes the stimulation of aldosterone

86
Q

A patient with PND is most likely to have

A

left ventricular failure

87
Q

Arteriosclerosis is:

A

thickening and hardening of the vessel wall

88
Q

A condition in which blood has pooled, producing distended and palpable vessels, is referred to as a:

A

Varicose Veins

89
Q

Surfactant

A
  1. a lipid protein mix produced by type II cells.
  2. is found in the lining of the alveoli
  3. reduces surface tension
90
Q

to prevent sudden infant death syndrome, the nurse should instruct parents to

A

always lay infants down on their backs to sleep

91
Q

What complication occurs secondary to hypertension?

A

Congestive heart failure

92
Q

caused by altered hemodynamics

A

Secondary hypertension

93
Q

caused by an infection of staphylococcus aureus

A

Infective Endocarditis

94
Q

has a crescendo-decrescendo murmur

A

Aortic stenosis

95
Q

asthma is thought to be caused by

A

interactions between genetic and environmental factors

96
Q

This is a very superficial sound that is course and low. Like 2 pieces of leather are being rubbed together. Loss of lubricating fluid. Heard best in anterolateral wall.

A
  • Pleural Friction Rub
  • painful to breathe
97
Q

The respiratory center characteristics

A
  • located in the brain stem.
  • affecting the respiratory muscles’ ability to contract and relax
  • transmitting impulses that bring about the physical act of breathing.
  • influenced by emotions and pain.
98
Q

most commonly caused by radioactive exposure, rheumatoid arthritis, or uremia

A

Chronic pericarditis

99
Q

Define Emphysema

A
  • abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways (acini) accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
100
Q

Which pathology most commonly results in pulmonary edema?

A

Increasing pressure in the left chambers of the heart

101
Q

often called the cardioexcitation center

A

Sympathetic Stimulation

102
Q

Cigarette smoking produces:

A
  • an increased LDL level
  • thrombotic/inflammatory state
  • decreased HDL
103
Q

Cyanosis definition

A
  • bluish discoloration of the skin & mucous membranes,
  • caused by increasing amounts of desaturated or reduced hemglobin in the blood.
104
Q

When a patient has a massive pulmonary embolism (PE), what complications will the nurse monitor for

A

Shock & Death

105
Q

a nurse recalls respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by

A

mucosal edema

106
Q

This reflex causes the heart rate to increase after intravenous infusions of blood or fluid

A

Bainbridge Reflex

107
Q

Complications of hypertension

A
  • ventricular hypertrophy
  • angina pectoris
  • congestive heart failure
  • coronary artery disease
  • myocardial infarction
  • sudden death
108
Q

Pneumonia is caused by

A

viral or bacterial infections

109
Q

characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)

A
  1. fatigue
  2. dyspnea
  3. Jugular Vein Distention
110
Q

this is the collapse of lung tissue which tend to develop post op

A

Atelectasis

111
Q

HDL

A
  • associated with phospholipids and protein
  • good
112
Q

Oxygen consumption for newborn

A

doubles

113
Q

Define Tension Pneumothorax?

A
  • pleural rupture acts as a one way valve
  • air ents on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration.
  • air pressure exceeds barometric pressure
  • life threatening
114
Q

A 20 year old male presents to his primary health care provider, difficulty breathing when lying down. What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

A

orthopnea

115
Q

Which of the following would shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?

A

Hypocapnia

116
Q

What does a thrill signify?

A

stenosis or hypertension

117
Q

A 60 year old female with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. a diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. when giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as

A

transudative

118
Q

A 30 year old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. while planning interactions, the nurse realizes the patient can transmit this disease through

A

airborne droplets

119
Q

A patient with PND is most likely to have

A

left ventricular failure

120
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • dyspnea
  • crackless
  • dullness of percuss at lung bases
  • pink frothy sputum
  • hypercapnia
121
Q

Symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

A
  • Fever
  • Diaphoresis
  • Substernal Pain
  • Cool, Clammy Skin
122
Q

Functions of the Precardium

A
  • prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration/deceleration
  • physical barrier, protects the heart against infection
  • contains pain receptors/mechanoreceptors that affect blood pressure.
  • brings about the force required to normalize blood pressure
123
Q

A 60 year old female with emphysema is having difficulty expiring a given volume of air. when giving report, the nurse will relay that the patient is most likely experiencing ___ pulmonary disease

A

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

124
Q

A 20 year old male is in acute pain. ABG reveals decreased CO2. What is most likely the cause

A

hyperventilation

125
Q

Expected assessment findings for someone with a pulmonary embolism

A
  • chest pain
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
  • fever
  • hemoptysis
126
Q

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

A
  • Hypoxemia
  • Partial Pressure will be below normal value
127
Q

dietary fat package

A

Chylomicrons

128
Q

A young woman presents with pallor, numbness, and a sensation of cold temperature of her digits. Which condition is the most likely cause for these symptoms?

A

Raynauds Phenomenon

129
Q

This is when you have prolonged expiration to overcome airway resistance.

A
  • Chronic Obstructive Breathing
  • can cause air trapping (dyspneic episode)
130
Q

LDL

A
  • associated with cholesterol and protein
  • Bad
131
Q

refers to actual blood flow and oxygen delivery

A

circulation

132
Q

lipid-laden cells that contribute to fatty streaks.

A

Foam cells

133
Q

This represents the measure of time from the onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular activation?

A

PR interval

134
Q

Asthma affects ____% of children between 5-17 years old

A

10%

135
Q

a disease of the myocardium.

A

Cardiomyopathy

136
Q

A nurse remembers bronchiolitis mainly occurs in children under the age of ______

A

One

137
Q

A patient experiences an elevated systolic pressure accompanied by normal diastolic pressure (below 90 mmHg). Which is the correct term for this condition?

A

Isolated systolic hypertension

138
Q

A patient experiences spinal cord damage following a motorcycle accident. What type of shock would most likely result?

A

Vasogenic

139
Q

Define Alveolar Dead Space

A
  • a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but do not have adequate perfusion
140
Q

Which are steps in the process of gas exchange?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Diffusion
  3. Perfusion
141
Q

occlusion of the coronary arteries without pain

A

Silent ischemia

142
Q

mean pulmonary artery pressure reading will indicate to the nurse that pulmonary hypertension is occurring? Pulmonary artery pressure above _________ mmHg

A

Above 25

143
Q

This interval represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations.

A

QRS complex

144
Q

Define Croup

A
  • an acute laryngotracheobronchitis
  • occurs in children between 6 months and 5 years of age, with a peak incidence at 2 years of age
  • Almost always caused by a virus
145
Q

Which enzymes are released by damaged myocardial muscle tissue

A
  1. Creatnin Kinase
  2. LDH
  3. Troponin
146
Q

a 50 year old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE). what symptoms most likely occurred before treatment

A

chest pain and shortness of breath

147
Q

is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardium

A

Pericardial effusion

148
Q

often associated with ectopic hormone production, especially antidiuretic hormone

A

Small Cell Carcinoma

149
Q

Define Open Pneumothorax

A
  • air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure
  • b/c air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced back out during expiration
150
Q

A 60 year old male with a 40 year history of smoking presents with chest pain, cough, sputum production, and pneumonia. tests reveal widespread metastatic cancer, and the primary care provider plans radiation therapy. which of the following is the most likely type of cancer to be documented on the chart

A

Non Small Cell Carcinoma

151
Q

a hypersensitivity usually due to penicillin, latex, and food allergies

A

Anaphalactic Shock

152
Q

A patient has a loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the back and axilla. Which valvular abnormality is this describing?

A

Mitral regurgitation

153
Q

Which conditions are associated with dyslipidemia?

A

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) - triglycerides and proteins

154
Q

Asthma related to Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by

A

mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema

155
Q

SIDS peaks between ____ and ____ months of age

A

3, 4

156
Q

a result of atherosclerosis

A

peripheral vascular disease

157
Q

A 20 year old male presents to his primary health care provider, difficulty breathing when lying down. What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

A

orthopnea

158
Q

the persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi

A

Bronchiectasis

159
Q

What is V/Q Ratio

A
  • balance of ventilation/perfusion
160
Q

What is the “v” referring to?

A

air entering alveoli

161
Q

What is “q” referring to?

A

amount of blood perfusing the capillaries around the alveoli

162
Q

What is low v/q

A
  • shunting
  • inadequate ventilation

asthma, atelactasis, pulmonary edema

163
Q

What is high v/q

A
  • poor **perfusion **of well ventilated lungs

PE

164
Q

What is the difference between V/Q mismatch and shunt when supplemental oxygen is administered?

A

V/Q mismatch will respond well but shunts (Qs/Qt) will not.

165
Q

What do pleural diseases impact?

A

Ventilation and oxygenation

166
Q

What do chest wall disorders affect?

A

Tidal wave (compromised ventialtion), results in hypercapnia

167
Q

What is empyema?

A

presence of microorganizms and cellular debris in pleural space

168
Q

What diseases could be outcomes of pulmonary fibrosis

A

ARDS, TB, inhalation of asbestos

169
Q

what is fibrosis mean?

A

scar tissue

170
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia?

A

enviornmental compounds entering the lung and results in inflammation

171
Q

What is epiglottis in children?

A
  • bacterial invasion,
  • inflammation,
  • edema,
  • obstruction of airway
172
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Epiglottis

A
  • high fever
  • irritability
  • sore throa
  • inspiratory stridor
  • respiratory distress
  • muffled voice
173
Q

Diseases associated w/ clubbing

A
  • chronic hypoxemia
  • bronchiostasi
  • cystic fibrosis
  • pulmonary fibrosis
174
Q

Kussmaul Breathing

A
  • think exercise, no expiratory pause
  • body needs less CO2
  • tissues want more 02
175
Q

This breathing pattern is associated with any condition that reduces blood flow to the brain stem

A

Cheyne Stokes

176
Q

A disorder or medication that raises peripheral vascular resistance or crdiac output will raise bp.

A

Secondary Hypertension

177
Q

What happens in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • body fails to compensate, vessels dilate, heart rate drops
  • pooling blood
  • arterial pressure drops

meds, hypovolemia, starvation, immobile

178
Q

What organs are affected from hypertension

A
  • heart
  • brain
  • kidney
  • eyes

Nursing School Pt 1 (4 decks)

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