Exam 2 part B (from quiz 2 content and beyond) Flashcards
Where is opportunist pathogen normally observed?
Groups/individual vulnerable to opportunist infections.
found @ either normal microflora or in environment.
elderly & young individual undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment
cancer px (immunocompressed bc immune system gets into overdrive mode to kill cancer cell. B and T cell is exhuasted)
organ transplant px (bc on immunosuppressive drugs so organ wont be rejected by defense cell)
AIDS individual (bc HIV targets adaptive immune system (T helper)
common opportunist microbes and disease they cause
pnemocytis jerovicci (carinii):???
E coli: normal microflora of intestine. causes UTI
pnemocytis jerovicci (carinii): found @ lungs in healthy individual. but in AIDS px, can be lethal and cause death due to pneumocystis pneumonia. targets respiratory system of aids px.
staphlococcus aureus: normal microflora of nasal cavity. causes wound infection @ surgical site.
Yeast (candida sps): normal microflora of adult female. when on antibiotic, no longer in balance with competition bacteria and overgrows/outbreak.
CMV (cytomegvalovirus). member of herpes family. causes blindness in AIDS (retinitis) due to targeting retinal blood vessels and hemmoraghing.
(deafness in new born)
pseudomona sps (bacteria) (environment opportunist pathogen)
okay in normal px.
in burn px, this causes greenish/blue color.
in cystic fibrosis and burn px, is FATAL.
opportunist infection in AIDS px
protozoan:
pneumocystic spc, crytosporidium (accute diarrhea)
bacterial:
tuberculosis
fungal:
hisoplasma, candida spc (adult female yeast balance disrupted)
viral:
chicken pox, herpes simplex I and II, HPV
signs vs symptoms with examples
which is objective/subjective?
symptoms: subjective, felt by px.
(pain, headache, dizziness, fatigue)
signs: objective, observed by others
(swelling, rash, etc)
some can be both, reflecting same underlying cause:
nausea is symptom, vomit is sign. both have same underlying condition.
chills: subjective/symptoms
shivering : objective/sign
asymptomatic vs symptomatic
and diseases and whether it is or is not symptomatic in healthy px
STI in females, syphilis, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, polio, in an IMMUNOCOMPETENT (healthy) individual is asymptomatic.
its there but you cant tell.
HIV have an extended asymptomatic phase.
5 stages in course of infectious disease.
which stage is critical?
incubation period:
time between entry into host to onset of illness (first sign/symptom)
prodromal period: after incubation, usually short. early sign/symptom. not clearly define, vague.
period of illness (invasive phase)
sign and symptom becomes apparant (pathogen multiply and tissue dmg set in)
CRITICAL PERIOD
period of decline:
susceptible to secondary infection (bc immune system is weak and exhuasted)
. sign symptoms fades, reduce malaise feeling.
period of convalescence:
px recover and regani stregnth. still have potential to spread disease.
incubation period
dependent on factors: name them
host resistance(px immune system health) (HIV infected individual have shorter incubation period bc immune cell are already targeted by HIV)
specific microorganism involved (prions, rabies, stomach flu, etc)
(common cold has shorter IP compared to AIDS or leprosy which may have extended IP)
(prions has long incubation period, kuru can be transmitted thorugh generation)
virulence: (ebola has high virulance, short incubation period)
(rabies has long incubation period, thus vaccine works)
infective dose of microbes:
megadose causes shorter incubation period.
incubation period:
ebola
prions (kuru)
common cold
rabies
and other info`
EBOLA: short IP (can easily be identified quickly and isolated)
prions: LONG IP. can be trasmitted through generation (kuru)
rabies: prolonged IP, thus vaccine works well.
common cold: short IP (compared to AIDS/leporosy)
Prodromal phase
2nd phase of course of infectious disease.
folow incubation period, usualy short.
early sign/symptom (body ache, etc)
not clear/vague
can be CLINICAL or SUBCLINICAL disease
CLINICAL: symptoms are apparant (like measles). full sign/symptom.
SUBCLINICAL: few/mild symptoms.
having a condition but not yet having any symptoms from the condition
Generally, the disease is in its most mild and earliest stages. Often, it has not progressed to the point of causing any symptoms, and it may be impossible for providers to diagnose.
ex: mono is due to ebstein barr virus (herpes fam), cold war between t and b cell.
(cold sore, tingling etc in HSV I AND II)
period of decline
why susceptible to secondary infection?
4th stage after period of illness (stage 3)
sign and symptom fades, reduce malaise feeling.
susceptible to secondary infection bc
immune system is weak/exhausted from previous battle.
(measle is a good example, esp bc it targets t and b cell in the battle)
spores and endospores
only made by Gr POSITIVE rods/bacillus (NOT any other types)
(bacillus sps clostridium sps)
1 bacteria per spore. NOT for multiplication. simply for survival/preservation.
sporulation (turn to spore in unfavorale environment)
germination: return to vegetative cell in favorable condition
endospore:
2 bacterial sps that makes spores.
are they used for multiplication?
*****role of dipicolinic acid and Ca ions in endospores
sporulation/germination
(bacillus sps clostridium sps)
1 bacteria per spore. NOT for multiplication. simply for survival/preservation.
**essential for resuming metabolism (jump start) when they germinate bacteria back to “alive”/vegetative state.
sporulation (turn to spore in unfavorale environment)
germination: return to vegetative cell in favorable condition
general overview of bacterial cell:
components of cell envelope
cell envelope:
- capsule/glycocalyx
- cell wall/peptidoglycan
- plasma membrane/inner membrane
general overview/info
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capsule/glycocalyx:
2 types; can be either capsule (pathogenic) or slime layer(loosely organized)
fx: protection (passive defense barrier) (slippery nature and/or simlar chemical composition, prevent identification from host)
protection cell from dying (retain water molecule)
colonization (sticky nature help sticks)
nutrient (serve as nutrition source, hydrolyzed when needed)_
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cell wall/peptidoglycan:
backbone, tail, bridge
backbone: nag/nam (nam is attach poitn)
tail: L and D (L,D, L(3rd), D)
bridge: Penicillin building protein (PBP) connect 3 to 4.
(direct in gram negative, indirect in positive (variety of aa).
fx: provide rigidity (since plasma membrane have no cholesterol which wouldve made it rigid, but with no cholesterol, cell wall help make up for it)
(thick in pos, thin in neg)
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plasma membrane /inner membrane,
thin structure.
phospolipid bilayer
protein
glycoprotein
NO CHOLESTEROL (Thus no rigid, thus need cell wall)
(exception mycoplasma; have cholesterol, and thus no cell wall)
2 type of protein:
integral protein or peripheral protein
integral protein: extend into.through lipid bilayer. tunnels.
peripheral protein: attach inner or outte surface. function as enzymes, receptors.etc.
Glycocalyx /capsule
overview
concept of slime layer vs capsule w/example
stain detection, how?
functions:
role of passive defensive protection
capsule/glycocalyx:
composed mainly of polysacchrides (compositiion varies between diff bacterias)
synthesize inside cell and secreted to outside cell surface.
stain detection via negative staining using acidic/anionic dye (create halo effect as negative react to negative) capsule is made up on negative.
most is encoded by chromosomal DNA (thus negative)
exception is bacillus anthracis (plasmid DNA).
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2 types of glycocalyx
; can be either capsule (pathogenic) or slime layer(loosely organized)
capsule: pathogenic bacteria have capsule. virulence factor. (S pneumoniae)
slimy layer: loose, disorganized. part of microflora bacterias present in intestine (help in many ways). ex: bacteroides
fx: protection (passive defense barrier) (slippery nature and/or simlar chemical composition, prevent identification from host)
protection cell from dying (retain water molecule)
colonization (sticky nature help sticks)
nutrient (serve as nutrition source, hydrolyzed when needed)_
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