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Microbiology > Exam 2 Part A > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part A Flashcards

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1
Q

Mucous membranes entry (types)

Pathogen that enters

A

Respiratory
Digestive
Urogential

Pathogen: bacteria, virus, helminths, protozoa
Can all enter via mucous membrane.

Thin, moist living cells, provide a hospitable entry route

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2
Q

Chicken pox

Belong to what family?

Uniqueness

A

Herpes family (NOT pox family)

Aka varicella/zoster virus

Uniqueness:
1: only herpes family member that is transmitted as Aeresole transmiyyrd contagious virus

  1. Only virus that cause 2 diff diseasr in the same individual at two different time.

Chicken pox(varicella) at early life
And
Singles/zoster at late life.

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3
Q

Shingles and varicella

A

Chicken pox/ Varicella

Early in life

Shingles/zoster later in life.

Thus called varicella zoster virus

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4
Q

Measle and covid 19 entry port

A

Respiratory tract/system

Mucous membrane entey portal, Respiratory tract

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5
Q

Do enveloped virus enter via the complete digestive system?

A

No, enveloped virus is fragile. Will be destroyed or inactivated due to acidic enviromment. Stomach enzymes as well as bile salt will make virus
Lose its infectivity.

Thus envelope virus avoid gastrointestinal route.

Enter oral mucous membrane or distal end of digestive system instead.

Envelope virus:
HiV, herpes virus, SARS corona virus

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6
Q

Non envelope virus and its entry portal route

A

Environmentally stable.
Can withstand oral fecal route fully. (Stomach PH, osmosis instability)

Rota virus (waterry disrrhea in kids)
Heptatis A (not b or c)
Polio
Norovirus (stomach flu)

All enter via oral fecal route.

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7
Q

Enveloped virus

Name examples, and do they enter complete digestive system?

A

HIV
Herpes
SARS corona

Do not enter complete digestive system.

(Avoid complete digestive system, gastrointestinal.
Instead it enters proximal and distal end. Oral, Respiratory, and dist end of digestive).

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8
Q

Role of bile salt in inactivation of enveloped virus

A

Most pathogen are destroyed and inactivTed due to acidic enviromment of stomach, stomach enzyme, as well as bile salt.

Bile salt has sodium deoxycholate (emulsify fat).

Once envelopee virus lipid envelopenis destroyed, it loses its infectivity.

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9
Q

Why is eye appealing portal of entry for most pathogen?

A
  1. Short distance to cns/brain which has few defense cell
  2. Moist non keratinized with few defense cell.
    (This is why corneal graft has high success)
  3. Retinal blood vessel are superficial and open/named with no overlying connective tissue.
    Advantage: serve as on ramp for pathogen to enter circulatory system and get globally distributed.
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10
Q

How common cold virus is able to enter through eyes?

A

Cold virus enter eye then go to nose and upper Respiratory tract.

Many people feel at the eye before cold starts.

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11
Q

Chemical barrier of the eye

A

Chemicam barrier of the defense system.

Constant flow of tear inactivate and wash away many pathogen ( due to lysozyme in tears) part of chemical barrier of defense system .

The lysozyme targets bacterial cell wall, peptidoglycan and lyse cells.

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12
Q

Pathogen that can cross the placental barrier

And consequences of them.

A

CMV (cytomegalovirus) : deafness

Rubella virus: arm missing at birth, die after first few day.

Toxoplasma gonidii: (natural habitat at cat litter)

Abortion, mental retardation, premature births, birth defects.

Syphylis: congenital syphylis (usually death within 1 year)

Zika virus: birth defects (microcephaly, small brain)

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13
Q

Parenteral route of entry

A

Directly deposited into tissue beneath skin or mucous membrane.

Puncture, injection (IV drug users), bites, dryness, and cracked skin due to malnutrition.

Not a true entry portal, rather a circumvention of entry route.

Ex; tetanus, gangrene,

Amongst IV drug users:
HIV, hepatitis C and B virus, HPV

Transmitted via sharing needles

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14
Q

What is very common for newborns that have CMV (cytomegalovirus)?

A

Deafness. Very common.

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15
Q

Identify some bacteria transmitted via the respiratory system

A

Bacteria: pnemonia, tuberculosis, pertusis (whooping cough), diptheria

Virus: influenza, measles, sars cov 2, chicken pox (the only aeresol member of the herpes family)

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16
Q

Different bacteria and virus that enters different part of the mucous membrane port of entry

Respiratory
Urogenital
Gastrointestinal

A

Respiratory:
Bacteria: pnemonia, tuberculosis, pertusis, diptheria
Virus: influenza, measle, sar cov2, chicken pox

Urogential:
Virus: herpes simplex virus I, II.
HIV
HPV

Gastrointestinal:
Non envelope virus: rota virus, hepatitis A, polio, norovirus

Bacteria: cholera, salmonella, shigella spc, helicobacteria pylori.

Protozoan, giardia sps (most common)

17
Q

Transmission mode of envelopes vs non envelopes virus

A

Enveloped virus;
Environmentally unstable. Enter proximal and distal end of digestive system (oral/respiratory, urogenital)

HIV, herpes, sars corona virus.

Non envelopea: stable environmentally

Can withstand oral fecal route, ph of full digestive routw.

Ex: norovirus, hep A, polio

Ex: once norovirus finish replication, induce diaarhea so it can shed out and seek next host.

18
Q

HIV

Is it envelopes? Does it go through full digestive system?

A

enveloped.

Avoid comppete digestive system route.

19
Q

Measles

Are they contagious?
Virus of bacteria?

A

Virus. Enter via respiratory tract (of mucous membrane portal of entry)

Yes, spreads very easily!

(Target t and b cell, making host extremely immunocompromised).

20
Q

Bactetia and virus that enter via the urogenital system/ tract (one of the mucous membrane port of entry)

A

Bacteria: chlamydia

Virus: herpes simplez virus I, II.
HIV
HPV (human papilloma virus)

21
Q

Define
Syndrome, sequelae, infection, disease

Provide examples

A

Syndrome: group of signs and symptoms associated with a common pathology

Ex: down stndrome (set includes: extra chromosome, heart and gut abnormality, cognitive provlem, facial and muscle change, absence of nasal bone)

Ex: guillian bare syndrome:
JJ vaccine compication.
Rare but serioua neurological condition.
Body defense system attack nerve cell. 2 week after vaccine.
Muscle action synchronized with nerve cells action. Musxle weaknesa and paralysis.

Sequelae: after effect of disease following following recovery.

Ex: post polio paralysis (after polio)

Ex: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
After measle infection, measle trap in brain. Rare.

Ex: sequela to S pyrogenes(strep throat)

A) rheumatic fever (body produce antistreptococcal antibody»cross rx with heart antigen) trigger rheumatic fever. Lead to heart valve weakening.

B) gloerulonephritis:
Sets in later follpwing elimination of bacteria.
Due to ag-ab complex that gets deposited in the glomerulum of nephrons (filtration unit of kidneys). Inflamaation if glomerulus at kidney)

Infection: invasion and colonization in body by pathogenic microbes.

Cause disease. Infectious.

Chess match.

May be present without detectable disease/symptom.

Disease: disturbance/ impairment in state of healtg. Body or its part to perform normal activity is restricted.

Ex:
Atherosclerosis, measles, cyatic fibrosis

Are all human disease

22
Q

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

A

A sequelae of measle.

Rare. Measle gets trapped in brain.

progressive neurological disorder of children and young adults that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is a slow, but persistent, viral infection caused bydefective measles virus.

23
Q

Sequelae to strep throat infection.

A

sequela to S pyrogenes(strep throat)

A) rheumatic fever (body produce antistreptococcal antibody»cross rx with heart valve antigen) trigger rheumatic fever. Lead to heart valve weakening in the long run.

B) glomerulonephritis:
Sets in later follpwing elimination of bacteria.
Due to ag-ab complex that gets deposited in the glomerulum of nephrons (filtration unit of kidneys). Inflamaation if glomerulus at kidney)

Note:
Antigen is what is on us. Antibody is what it fights.

Ex, blood type A have
A Antigen AND B antibody.

24
Q

Can individual bave infection without apparant diseadr?

Justify with example

A

Infection can be transient, immune system kill and eliminate the pathogen before noticeable. Often time go unnotice.

Ex:
Individual may have HIV infection but may be sympmtom less for aids

Hiv is virus, aid is the condition.

HIV is a virus that can lead to a condition called AIDS.

25
Q

Guillian Bare syndrome

Syndrome definition

(Study more)

A

Group of sign and symptoms associated with a common pathology.

Guullian bare syndrome:

Rare but potentially serious neurological condition. (Reported with JJ vaccine)

Body defense system attack nerve cells, 2 week following vaccination.

Muscle action are synchronized with nerve cell actiom, eventually muscle weakness and paralysis sets in.

(Usually reversible)

Guillian Bare syndrome:

Weakness and tinglinf in arm and legs

Double vision

Difficulty walking, chewing, and swallowing

Difficulty controlling bladder and bowel

Often Diarrhea or reapiratory illness for several week before GBS

No cure, but therapy availavle

Cause:
Auto immune reaponsse.
Antibidy cross rx to ganglioside of neuronal membrane.

Antibody rx
Outer membrane of bacterial cell wall

Ganglioside on peripheral nerve membrane.

26
Q

Immune deficiency: 2 types?

Provide examples of each

Types of immunodeficiency

A

2 types:

1) congenital immune deficiency (primary immune deficiency)

Due to genetic defect. Inherited.

A) SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) absence of b and t cell. Thus severe.

B) defect in thymus development: no t cell in circulation

C) b cell deficiency:
Lead to antibody deficiency bc antibidy are secreted from differential b cell, called plasma cell.

(MORE THAN 120 PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE)

2) acquired immune deficiency (secondary immune deficiency)

Outcome and interaction of environment.

A) aging ( less activity for b and t cell)

B) emotional and physical stress (increase corticosteroid are toxic to t cell)
(Fyi corticosteorid given to organ transplant to reduce chance if rejection because it reducd t cell and defence cell activity)

C) malnutrition (inhibit normal production ofb and t cell)

D) certain drug, radiation tx,
May alter b and t cell acticity

E) malignancy
(Any cancer leadsindividual to slip into secondary immune defeicinecy)

F) infectious agent:
HIV, tuberculosis, leprosy pathogen cauzes ommune suppression

Hiv target td4 helper cell. Quarter back of immune system.

Measle: target both t and b cell

Definition: when immune system fails to provide requireed protection.

Increase susceptibility to cancer and infection.
Comprised immunotherapy such as vaccination.

27
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Its a condition (HIv is the virus)
Can be caused by other things as well.
Remember, this is a SYNDROME.

28
Q

SCID ( severe combined immune deficiency)

What type of immune deficiency?

What is it?

A

Congenital immune deficiency (primary)

Outcome of genetic.

Absencr of b and t cell, thus severely immunocompromised.

29
Q

Organs system affected in AIDS

A

Possible disease that may occur following AIDS since it “open the door”

Respiratory system: tuberculosis

Integumentary: repeat reactivation of cold sores outbreak. Also shingles.

Digestive system: chronic diarrhea

Nervous system: neurological dysfunction assocoated with HIV (dementia, cognitive change, incoprdination)

Immune system

Eyes: blindness in terminal stage of AIDS due to CMV associated retinitis (cytolomegalovirus)

30
Q

How does measle virus infection causes immune deficiency?

A

Target both T and B cell. Make individual immunocompromised.

31
Q

Pathogen

Primary and oppotunist pathogen.

A

Pathogen are parasite and causarive agent of disease in its host.

Primary pathogen (frank pathogen).
Disease causing microbe, endowed with virulence factors.

Ex: helocobacter pylori, tuberculosis, mycobacterium sps, salmonella sps, chololera pathogen.

Opportunist pathogen:

Found in elderly, younger individual.

Cancer px (bc system is on overdrive to kil and eliminate cancer cell, b t cell get exhausted)

Organ transplant px (bc on immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection

Aids individual

Only cause disease when body innate or adaptive defense is compromised.

Take advantage of weakened immune system.

Could be part of normal microflora.

Ex:
E coli (normal microflora of the intestine) can cause UTI

Pnemocytis jerovicci(carinil)
Found in lungs of healthy individual.
In aid patients: lethal and cause death due to
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).
Target Respiratory system of aids individual.

Staphyloccus Aureus: normal microflora of nasal cavity, causes wound infections at surgical site

Yeast infection
Part of norm microflora, adult female urogenital system.
Normally outgrowth is kept in check by competiting bacteria.

However, long term antibiotic kills normal bacteria and sudden outbreak of yeast infection occur (have nothing to check them)

Cmv (associated retinitis in aids patients)
Can cause blindness in aids.

There are more opportunist pathogen.
Can also be found in environment.

32
Q

Colonization

A

Growth of microorganisms on skin.

Pathogenic microbes must survive and multiple despite host resistence and defense.

Mainly due to virulence factors to help survive and override host defense.

33
Q

Intoxication( and not infection)

A

Disease due to toxin ingestion or precense in blood

Ex: salmonella intoxication

34
Q

Infestation (and not infection)

A

Precense of large parasite in or outside body

Ex: head lice, worms, etc.

35
Q

H pylori

Virulence factor
Role of lophotrichous flagella

Role of urease secretion

A

Helicobacter pylori survive acid of stomach and causes ulcer.

Several virulence factor

1) secrete urease:
Urease breakdown urea into co2 and nh3.
Nh3 is strong basic compound which neutralize stomach high ph acid. Thus allow bacteria to surcive in high ph.

2) secrete bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
Allow to stay in hostile stomach environment

3) lophotrichous arrangement of flagella.

Bunch of hair on one end. Allow to THRUST in forward direction and cross thick mucos barrier of stomach and target epithelial cell/stomach lining.

36
Q

Tuberculosis

Virulence factor
And how it targets host

A

Cord factor is a virulence factors of tuberculosis

Target alveolar macrophage. Pathogen has evolved with a cell wall containing mycolic acid that prevent them being killed inside macrophage.

Once swallowed they multiply in the macrophae and induce chronic inflammation in lungs called tubercules.

Microbiology (11 decks)

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