Exam 2 (Part 2)

Question 1

What are the signals that contribute to the motivation to eat?

Answer 1

Non-Metabolic/Homeostatic signals and Metabolic/Homeostatic signals

Question 2

What are non-metabolic/homeostatic signals?

Answer 2

• Extrinsic (external) signals

- From the environment or other brain areas (other than hypothalamus-brainstem feeding circuitry)

Question 3

What are 3 examples of the effect of ambience on food intake and choice?

Answer 3

o	Environment (Ambience/context)
o	Physical (environment/surroundings)
o	Social (environment/variables)

Question 4

What are some examples of the impact of the physical environment?

Answer 4

• The number of people impacts how much you eat
  Adaptive – sort of related to survival
• Music and noise can increase eating
• A warm environment usually decreases food intake
• Need more energy when it is cold to heat your body
• TV and distraction causes people to eat more
• You eat less if the tension is high between a group of people – more of an impact on adolescents

Question 5

How do warm colors affect eating?

Answer 5

• McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s
• Happy colors
• Biggest effect on kids because they are forming a lot of memories and associations

Question 6

Examples for Modulation of Satiety by factors not (directly) related to calories

Answer 6

o Hot soup (temperature, volume, fat molecules)
o Sensory-specific Satiety (eating or just chewing or smelling food reduced subsequent pleasantness rating of that food)
o Time of Day (Early in the day easier to reach satiety)

Question 7

WHy does soup increase satiety?

Answer 7

 Fat and protein

 Liquid might get to the stomach faster

Question 8

What is sensory specific satiety?

Answer 8

Sensory-Specific satiety means you get full with one food

Question 9

What are anticipatory mechanisms?

Answer 9

Role in ending eating: Satiety mechanisms stop eating before bodyweight is gained in anticipation of imminent replenishment

Question 10

WHat is satiety ratio?

Answer 10

o Satiety Ratio is defined as the duration of the inter-meal interval divided by the meal size: time (min)/meal size caloric value (MJ)

Question 11

What is social facilitation?

Answer 11

Social facilitation – eating with others increases a meal size
Social Faciliation occurs regardless of 
•	Age
•	Time/meal
•	Place
•	Or Species

Question 12

Social affective context

Answer 12

the effect of emotion on learning and memory

Question 13

WHat is anticipatory motivation?

Answer 13

o A learned response in anticipation of a predictable event. The purpose; to minimize homeostatic disturbance

Question 14

Post-prandial vs cephalic

Answer 14

• A peak in insulin, grabs glucose in the blood and then goes down (very small peaks), causes slightly lower
• Majority of subjects had a biphasic response
• A biphasic insuline response also observed during meals