Exam 2 - Parasites and Viruses Flashcards
1
Q
parasite definition
A
an organism that lives in or on an organism of another species and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense
2
Q
ectoparasites
A
arthropods like scabies, lice
3
Q
endoparasites
A
protozoa, helminths
4
Q
definitive host definition
A
a host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction
5
Q
intermediate definition
A
a host in which the parasite undergoes larval development but does not reach sexual maturity
6
Q
vector definition
A
living transmitters of disease involved in essential steps of parasitic life cycle
7
Q
reservoir definition
A
an ecological system in which an infectious agent survives indefinitely and is a source of parasites in the environment. Includes all component host populations, including that of any intermediate host or vector
8
Q
lice aka
A
pediculus
9
Q
pediculus capitis spread
A
direct contact
10
Q
pediculus pubis/humanus spread
A
sexual contact with pubic hair, body lice
11
Q
pediculus treatment
A
Lindane, permethrin lotion/shampoo, wash bedding in heat
12
Q
scabies aka
A
sarcoptes scabei
13
Q
what are scabies
A
microscopic mites that are spread via direct, prolonged skin-skin contact and reproduce on the skin and then burrow
14
Q
scabies ssx
A
bumps appearing in a row, often between finger webbing. Pruritic, worse at night
15
Q
scabies tx
A
permethrin
16
Q
2 types of free-living amoeba
A
acanthamoeba, naegleria fowleri
17
Q
acanthamoeba mechanism
A
enters body through cuts, wounds, nostrils
18
Q
where is acanthamoeba found
A
soil, fresh/brackish/seawater
19
Q
acanthamoeba risk factor
A
contact lenses
20
Q
what does acanthamoeba cause
A
rare but severe infections of eye, skin, CNS (keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis - fatal)
21
Q
what does naegleria fowleri cause
A
rare and fatal brain infection
22
Q
where is n. fowleri found
A
warm freshwater lakes, rivers, hotsprings, soil (thermophilic)
23
Q
n. fowleri mechanism
A
enters body through nostrils
24
Q
protozoa characteristics
A
opportunistic pathogens, eukaryotes, unicellular, mobile, complex lifecycles
25
GI/GU protozoa examples
giardia, entamoeba, cryptosporidium, trichomonas
26
CNS protozoa examples
toxoplasma, trypanosomiasis, naegleria fowleri
27
blood protozoa examples
malaria, babesia
28
malaria pathogen species
plasmodium
29
malaria vector
female anopheles mosquito
30
malaria ssx
paroxysmal fever, chills, rigors, muscle aches, malaise, N/V
31
malaria diagnosis
thick and thin blood smears
32
plasmodium falciparum diagnosis
ring forms on thick and thin blood smears
33
malignant tertian malaria
p falciparum
34
quartan malaria
p malariae
35
benign tertian malaria
p ovale, p vivax
36
which plasmodium is not found in Africa
p vivax
37
which plasmodium is global
p falciparum
38
which plasmodium has short incubation period
p falciparum
39
which plasmodium has a long incubation period
p malariae
40
which plasmodia have intermediate incubation period
p ovale, p vivax
41
which plasmodia have latent liver phase
p ovale, p vivax
42
which plasmodium infects all ages of RBCs
p falciparum
43
which plasmodium is affected by duffy antigen
p vivax
44
p falciparum sequelae
cerebral malaria, blackwater fever
45
cerebral malaria ssx
AMS, seizures, capillary plugging due to accumulations of pigment and shizont sequestration
46
blackwater fever ssx
intravascular hemolysis with rapid destruction of infected with RBCs
47
severe malaria tx
quinine
48
malaria blood schizonticides
chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, doxycycline
49
malaria tissue schizonticides
primaquine, atovaquone-proguanil
50
malaria blood schizonticides kill
trophozoite in RBC
51
malaria tissue schizonticides kill
dormant hypnozoites in liver
52
what is needed to prevent relapse in ovale and vivax malaria
a tissue schizonticide
53
problem with chloroquine for malaria treatment
in some regions, falciparum/vivax are resistant
54
quinine side effects
arrhythmia, hemolysis in G6PD deficiency
55
chloroquine side effects
GI toxicity, itching, retinal toxicity
56
artemesinin group uses
first line treatment for falciparum in combation with another blood schizonticide
57
mefloquine uses
second line tx for falciparum, vivax
58
mefloquine ADEs
neuropsych
59
atovaquone-proguanil side effects
GI toxicity
60
chagas disease pathogen and vector
trypanosoma cruzii, reduviig bug
61
African sleeping sickness pathogen and vector
trypanosoma brucei, tsetse fly
62
acute chagas disease ssx
chagoma at inoculation site, fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, arrhythmia, meningoencephalitis
63
chronic chagas disease ssx
dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus
64
african sleeping sickness early symptoms
recurring fever, headache, joint pain
65
african sleeping sickness ssx after months
fever, lymphadenopathy, confusion, numbness, difficulty sleeping
66
african sleeping sickness ssx after months-years
somnolence, headache, confusion, coma
67
acute chagas disease diagnosis
peripheral blood smear with trypomastigote
68
chronic chagas disease dx
serology, biopsy of infected origin
69
chagas disease treatment
benznidazole, nifurtimox (not easily available in US)
70
Leishmaniasis pathogens
L. donovani, L. brasiliensis
71
leishmaniasis vector
sand fly
72
L. donovani ssx
fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
73
L. brasiliensis ssx
mucosal leishmaniosis, cutaneous lesions
74
l. donovani dx
bone marrow biopsy or spleen aspirate for macrophages with intracellular amastigotes
75
l. brasiliensis dx
skin biopsy, culture, PCR
76
leishmaniasis tx
amphotericin B, miltefosine
77
babesiosis vector and intermediate host
deer tick and rodents
78
babesioisis geopgraphy
NE US/upper midwest
79
babesiosis diagnosis
thick/thin peripheral blood smears with tetrad formation (Maltese cross) seen.
80
babesiosis ssx
fever, myalgia, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia
81
mild babesiosis tx
azithromycin and atovaquone
82
severe babesiosis tx
clindamycin and quinine
83
toxoplasmosis mechanism
fecal oral from cat litter box
84
acute toxoplasmosis ssx
asymptomatic or mono-like illness
85
reactivation toxoplasmosis ssx
headache, confusion, seizures, ring-enhancing lesion noted on brain CT/MRI
86
congenital toxoplasmosis ssx
hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis
87
toxoplasmosis diagnosis
serology
88
treatment of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromise
pyrimethamine
89
types of helminths
trematodes, cestodes, nematodes
90
what are trematodes
flat worms and flukes
91
common liver fluke aka
fasciola hepatica
92
trematode picked up via fresh water and snails
schistosoma japonicum
93
what are cestodes
tapeworms
94
human tapeworm aka
taenia solium
95
tapeworm causing hydatid cysts in liver
echinococcus granulosus
96
what are nematodes
roundworms
97
roundworm causing skin penetration
strongyloides stercoralis
98
pinworm aka
enterobius vermicularis
99
schistosomiasis transmission
infected person releases trematode eggs in urine/stool, which then contaminate fresh water. Eggs hatch and infect snails and replicate. Snails release larvae into water that then penetrate human skin
100
schistosomiasis syndromes
swimmer's itch, katayama fever, long-term
101
katayama fever
systemic hypersensitivity to schistosoma antigens 1-2 months post exposure: Fever, chills, cough, urticaria, angioedema, hepatosplenomegaly
102
long-term schistosomiasis
periportal fibrosis, portal htn, hematuria, bladder cancer
103
schistosomiasis diagnosis
O&P, urine
104
schistosomiasis tx
praziquantel
105
pinworm size
1/4-1/2 inch long
106
pinworm mechanism
oral-fecal (can breathe in their eggs)
107
pinworm ssx
anal itching at night
108
pinworm diagnosis
scotch-tape prep with microscope
109
pinworm treatment
albendazole, wash bedding in hot water
110
what is tropism in viruses
the tendency of viruses to infect specific cells
111
what is capsid
environmentally stable viral protein shell released from cell by lysis
112
what roles do membrane glycopeptides play in virology
strain ID, targets for neutralizing antibodies, act as viral attachment proteins, determine virulence and host tropism
113
what is the viral envelope
environmentally labile host cell membrane
114
forms a chronic viral infection can take
silent or subclinical lifelong infection, latent phase prior to disease, reactivation causing acute disease, chronic disease with relapses/exacerbations, cancers
115
common pharyngitis viruses
adenovirus, coxsackievirus
116
common ocular viruses
herpes simplex, adenovirus
117
common meningitis viruses
enteroviruses, HSV II
118
mechanism of monoclonal antibodies for viral infections
block viral attachment or fusion/uncoating
119
oseltamivir uses
treatment and exposure prophylaxis for influenza
120
acyclovir uses
treatment and exposure prophylaxis for HSV, herpes zoster, varicella zoster
121
oseltamivir route
PO
122
acyclovir route
PO, IV, topical
123
valacyclovir route
PO
124
valacyclovir uses
herpes zoster infections, genital herpes
125
viral serology
detection of antibodies developed against virus
126
viral serology advantages and disadvantages
can detect acute and past infection but cannot detect early infection due to delay to develop antibodies
127
viral culture
detection of cytopathic effects of viruses on cells
128
viral culture advantages, disadvantages, uses
inexpensive but time consuming, best used during the emergence of new viruses
129
detection of viral antigens advantages, disadvantages, uses
expensive, rapid, and specific but lack sensitivity. Best used when rapid diagnosis is needed
130
viral molecular detection
nucleic acid amplification
131
viral molecular detection advantages, disadvantages, and uses
high sensitivity and specificity but expensive and must know the specific target. Best used when accurate diagnosis is necessary
