Exam 2- Neuro Flashcards by Nicole Harrington

Name this type of degenerative change and what 3 etiologies may cause it?

Chromatolysis- swelling of cell body and dissolution of nissl graneules with margination of nucelus

EMN, dysautomias, copper def

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What is this type of injury and 3 causes of it?

Cytoplasmic vacuolation

lysosomal storage, BSE, TSE

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Define Neuronphagia

Eaten by glial cells hallmark of some viral infections

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Does the CNS or PNS have a greater capacity to remylenation

PNS

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Define wallarian degeneration

concomitant degeneration of axon and sheath

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Causes of wallerian degenration?

trauma- disk, wobblers, abscess

Toxin- lead poisoning

Axon Swelling

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Define gliosis

Proliferation of astrocytes

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Swelling of astrocytes is known as?

gemistocytes -cytoplasm of swollen cells

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Which cells provide support, and the myelin sheath to axons within the CNS

Oligos

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What to gitter cells do and what kind of cells are they?

phagocytize debris from injured cells

microglial

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Function of microglial cells?

They are the smallest cells which function as immunosurveillance and phagocytosis/ag presentation

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What is the potential space around blood vessels?

Virchow Robin

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What is perivascular cuffing?

Site for cell traffic and accumulaton, is the hallmark of inflammation

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4 causes of edema in the brain

Trauma, infectious, toxic or space occupying lesion

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Which cells are least sensitive to hypoxia?

A. Neurons

B. Microglia

C. Astrocytes

D. Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

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What type of cell is this that cleans up or mops up myelin?

Myelophage

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What is the etiology and MDx?

Thrombotic menigioencephalitis

Histophilus somni

Fibrinonecrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis brain

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Most common post mortem change due to cerebral edema?

Cerebellar coning

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White matter softening?

Leukomalacia

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Grey matter softening?

Poliomalacia

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Ecephalo means to involve the _____?

Brain

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Myelo is involving the ______?

Spine

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Infectious agents causing cerebellar hypoplasia?

BVD, Schallenberg virus , FPV

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What nerve does listeria travel by?

Which part of the brain does it effect and consequence?

Trigeminal

brainstem, menigoencephalitils with microabscess, gliosis, perivascular cuffing NO’s, peridontis tooth erupt,

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How does rabies spread?

Oflactory nerve

What is seen in a brain with listeriosis

Menigoencephalitis with microabscesses PERIVASCULAR CUFFING with neutrophils

These four viruses are a cause of vasculitis

BMC CAV FIP EHV

In viral infections you will typically see these cells ?

Lymphocytes and plasma cells NOT Neutrophils

A virus causing menigoencepalitis in sheep causing lympocyte cuffing?

Louping ill

This virus causes grey matter inflammation of the brain and spinal cord this term would also be know as?

acute polioencephalomyelitis

This virus causes 3 types of encephalitis . One in particular effects the myelin. Name this virus and condition

Canine Distemper Demyelinating encephalitis (leukoencephalitis) 2 others: polioencephalitis old dog encephalitis

Pigs herpes virus? This causes these two Mdx's in the brain?

Aujeszkys Disease Necrotizing polioencephalomyelitis ganglioneuritis intranuclear inclusions

This image is a HALLMARK for this virus in sheep and cattle? Condition in sheep is called and cattle is called?

Sheep: Scrapie Cattle: BSE Causes vacuolation of Neruons

This parasitic infection is know as staggers or circling disease?

Coenurus cereblias

This infection is caused by \_\_\_\_\_a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_infection.

Toxoplasmosis protozoal

Acute Gid in c.Cerebalis occurs after this time period following \_\_\_\_\_

3-4 weeks after following ingestion, multiple parasites and malacia

Chronic Gid occurs? And causes?

6 months post infection and causes large cysts, compression edema , hydrocephalus , bone softening.. Cerebrum most common location

This protozal infection causes **asymmetry** of clinical signs, which helps you to differentiate from wobblers and herpes ?

EPM or equine protozoal encephalomyelitis

What is the most common cause of verminous encephalomyelitis in horses?

Halicephalobus gingivalis and Stronylus vulgaris

Parasite and Edx?

crytococcus neoformans crytococcal meningo-encephalitis

Congenital Sway back is caused by a deficiency in?

Copper deficiency during periods of myelination during 100-120 days of gestation

Congenital Swayback causes _____ of the spinal cord, which are \_\_\_,\_\_\_\_.

wallerian like degeneration Bilateral and SYMMETRICAL hydracephalus

Delayed swayback happens at \_-\_ and a deficancy when?

1-2 months copper deficincy at 2nd peak of myelination

Animals with this may be seen stargazing?

Cerebrocortical Necrosis lesions in the brain are difficult to diagnose

Histologically in animals with cerebrocortical necrosis you will see?

Laminar necrosis of cerebral cortex, linear vacuolation edema, gitter cells, cerebelar lesions

Etiology of Cerebrocortical Necrosis Disease in foxes , mink , cats, dogs?

Thiamine deficiency sulfate? bracken fern chickens-vit e Chastek paralysis - lesions in brain stem and hippocampus fish diets

Etiology of hound ataxia? Histo?

Methionine deficiency- carcass diet needed Myelin sheath swelling

What would this histopahtology be seen with and what is it called? Hint it is PATHOGNOMIC in this condition

Salt poisoning in pigs Perivascular cuffing - EOSINOPHILS

How to you confirm and animal has lead poisoning ?

By looking at the kidney

Focal Symmetrical encephalomalacia is associated with this bacteria?

C. perfinogens type D enterotoxemia

In edema disease you would see ______ in the vessels and _____ in the brain ?

Fibrinoid necrosis and encephalomalacia

Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia know as ______ in horses causes depletion of? Caused by ingestion centaurea solstitialis

chewing disease depletes gluathione

Define Dysautonmia

Degenerative changes in the autonomic ganglia; diseases of ANS

Two Diseases causing dysautonomia ? one in cats the other in horses

Key -Gaskell Grass sickness Resulting in chromatolysis and vacuolar degeneration in SNS and PSNS ganglia

Cause of muscle weakness, atrophy and weight loss in horses?

Motor neuron disease

Name this tumor?

Astrocytoma - most common

This is the most common brain tumor in cats?

Meningioma- benign

What is the name of this tumor?

Choroid plexus tumor

This is a \_\_\_\_tumor and can result in these two things?

Diabetes insipidus and hyperadrenocorticism

True or false this is cancer? What is the cause of this?

False it is a neuroma which is caused by a limb being ampuatated and aggregate of proliferating axons

Toxic neuropathys cause? Name 2 examples

wallerian degeneration Grass sickness, Key Gaskell syndrome

This is showing ? It can be caused by?

Cauda equina EHV-1

I am watching you..

Mareks disease, lymphosarcoma

Cells that form the CSF

Ependymal cells

Cerebellar coning a consequence of brain swelling

What is this lesion and what is the cause of it from?

Malacia typical in protozoal infections

This is an example of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?

lysosomal storage disorder -accumulation of ganglioside in cells in the brain causing vacculated cytoplasms and causes swelling of the brain

Septic emboli are usually seen in \_\_\_\_\_animals due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?

Young animals-naval ill usually from bacteria

A result of septic embolis may be? 4 bacteria which cause it are?

Extreme abscessation- liquefactive necrosis vegatative endocarditis multiple abscesses **Haemphiilus Somnous, actinomyces, stap aureus. strep equi**

Meningitis is mainly seen in \_\_\_\_\_\_animals causing \_\_\_\_exudate in the leptomeninges

young animals, fibrinpurulent exudate tail biting, dehorning, prevotalla oralis isolated in the seal picture- clouds meningies

Neosporum caninum causes these two things? And causes what in cattle?

myelitis and myositis abortion

What is this disease?

focal symmetrical encephalomalacia

What is the condition?

Leukoencephalomalacia with moldy corn toxicity

Meningioencephalitis 5 ddx

Louping ill equine encephalomyelitis canine distemper rabies aujeskys

Number one demylenating condition in the dog?

Canine distemper virus

Cows have been going blind and BELLOWING what has happend to them?

Lead poisoning

Hepatic encephaopathy in cattle is caused from?

Ragworth poisoing