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Microbiology Midterm > Exam 2- microbial growth and metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 2- microbial growth and metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macronutrients:

A

C,H,O,N,Fe

P,S,K,Mg,Na,Ca

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2
Q

siderophores:

A

Many bacteria, both G+ and G−, produce and secrete siderophores to scavenge iron from the extracellular environment. Siderophore–iron complexes are transported into the cell through receptors in the membrane.

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3
Q

lactoferin:

A

bind to Fe and make it unavailable for bacteria -protect humans (nutritional immunity)

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4
Q

inorganic carbon source are?

A

autotrophs

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5
Q

organic carbon source are?

A

heterotroph

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6
Q

photoautotrophs are?

A

light energy, inorganic co2

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7
Q

chemoautotrophs are?

A

Inorganic compounds for energy, inorganic co2

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8
Q

photoheterotrophs are?

A

light energy, organic co2

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9
Q

chemoheterotrophs are?

A

inorganic compounds for energy, organic co2

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10
Q

what categorizes chemoheterotrophs?

A

respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) and fermentation

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11
Q

how many ATP do you get from fermentation?

A

2

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12
Q

how many ATP do you get from anaerobic respiration?

A

12-28

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13
Q

how many ATP do you get from aerobic respiration?

A

36-38

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14
Q

how many ATP do you get from glycolysis?

A

2

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15
Q

What is the pathway for the 6-carbon sugar?

A

1.glycolisis 2, 3-carbon molecules creating pyruvate
2. branch point in metabolism

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16
Q

require oxygen, grow at the top:

A

obligate aerobes

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17
Q

anaerobic and aerobic but grow better with oxygen, growth throughout but more at the top

A

facultative anaerobe

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18
Q

cease with oxygen, growth at the bottom (anotoxic)

A

obligate anaerobes

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19
Q

tolerate oxygen, but don’t use it, growth throughout

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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20
Q

oxygen require in low concentration, growth in the middle

A

micro-aerophiles

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21
Q

redox is?

A

the movement of elections

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22
Q

NAD+ is?

A

oxidized

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23
Q

NADH is?

A

reduced

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24
Q

ATP from Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis are made from?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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25
Q

gradient outside the electron transport chain?

A

proton motive force

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26
Q

in the electron transport chain what is oxygen considered?

A

the terminal electron acceptor

27
Q

P+ADP= ATP is called?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

what enzyme is used in aerobic respiration

A

cytochrome oxidase

29
Q

why is the ETC smaller with no oxygen present

A

fewer protons-smaller proton motive force per glucose-less ATP per molecule

30
Q

what determined how long the ETC is and how much of a radiant is created?

A

the terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration- zinc, iron

31
Q

what happens to the oxygen in the ETC in aerobic respiration?

A

the enzyme superoxide dismutase creates h2o2 a toxin radical, then the enzyme catalase is used to create oxygen and water

32
Q

what happens in a anaerobic jar?

A

packets relate co2 and h2, palladium takes h2 and o2 and makes water. 02 is released to gather in the packet, co2 stays in the environment and methylene blue is the indicator of oxygen

33
Q

what organism can detoxify o2 and o2- in small amounts?

A

aerotolerant aerobes

34
Q

what organisms will be killed and cannot detoxify 02 and 02-?

A

obligate anaerobes

35
Q

where does the ETC occur?

A

in the cell membrane

36
Q

how many cells are in a colony to be seen by the naked eye on TSA?

A

10,000 cells

37
Q

what is confluent growth

A

Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.

38
Q

what do we have to assume about growth?

A

1.each colony is pure
2.each started with a single cell
3.every cell in the colony is a clone

39
Q

what can we not determine with liquid cultures?

A

purity

40
Q

what is turbidity?

A

growth (cloudy)

41
Q

what does pellicle growth look like?

A

growth at the top

42
Q

what does flocculent growth look like?

A

clumps that suspend in liquid

43
Q

what does sediment growth look like?

A

growth settles to the bottom

44
Q

how does binary fission work?

A

1.cell elongates + DNA is replicated
2. cell wall and plasma membrane grow inwards
3. cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA
4. cells separate

45
Q

what is turgor/hydrostatic pressure?

A

force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

46
Q

when does turgor/hydrostatic pressure occur?

A
  1. hypotonic environments
    2.cell wall containing bacteria in binary fission
47
Q

what is autolysis?

A

the destruction of cells and tissues by their own enzymes

48
Q

what is generation time (G)?

A

time it takes to go from 1 cell to 2 cells

49
Q

what is the max, min, and optimum temp of growth of a microbe called?

A

cardinal growth temperatures

50
Q

what happens at a microbe min temp growth?

A

1.membrane phospholipids do not mover well enough to maintain proper fluidity which impacts transport across the membrane
2.the rate of reactions catalyzed by enzymes is too slow
3.no observable growth
3.wont die, but may be out competed

51
Q

what happens at a microbes max temp growth?

A

1.loss of membrane integrity
2.uncontrolled transport across membrane
3.proteins and enzymes denature
4.cells can die

52
Q

what are psychrophiles?

A

optimum growth below standard room temp

53
Q

what are mesophiles?

A

optimum growth at room temp-slightly above human body temp

54
Q

what are thermophiles?

A

optimum growth above mesophiles but less than 70 Celsius

55
Q

what are hypertermophiles?

A

optimum growth above 70 Celsius

56
Q

what are acidophiles?

A

optimum growth with pH less than 6.0 (acidic and higher concentration of hydrogen) -have to pump out H+

57
Q

what are neutrophiles?

A

optimum growth pH 6.0-8.0 (neutral is 7.0)

58
Q

what are alkaliphiles?

A

optimum growth ph of 8.0+ (basic and lower concentration hydrogen) -accumulate H+

59
Q

what is a non-halophile?

A

cannot tolerate increased environmental solute concentrations

60
Q

what is a halotolerant?

A

thrives best at normal solute concentrations

61
Q

what is a halophile?

A

requires increased solute concentrations in their environment

62
Q

what is an extreme halophile?

A

cannot grow until solute concentrations are much higher than normal

63
Q

what are barotolerant organisms?

A

grow best at 1atm but can tolerate higher pressure

64
Q

what are barophiles?

A

microbes that require increased pressure

Microbiology Midterm (3 decks)

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