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Microbiology Midterm > Exam 1- characterization of bacteria > Flashcards

Exam 1- characterization of bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is morphology characterization?

A

cell shape, arrangement, staining, pigments, and spores

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2
Q

What is metabolism characterization?

A

carbon and nitrogen sources, energy source, byproducts, and ABO sensitivity

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3
Q

What is habitat characterization?

A

Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, oxygen tolerance, atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

what is molecular characterization?

A

how much guanine and cytosine content is present, and 16s RNA-stays stable overtime

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5
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

how was characterize organisms individually

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6
Q

what is nomenclature?

A

naming organisms

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7
Q

what is binomial nomenclature?

A

(Genus, Species,-italicized or underlined) (stain -0157:H7)

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8
Q

3 domains of life:

A

Eukarya- animals, fungi, plants
bacteria- bacteria, chloroplasts, mitochondrion
archaea -methanogens, hyperthermophiles

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9
Q

taxonomy:

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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10
Q

diplococci

A

2 cocci

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11
Q

streptococci

A

string of many cocci

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12
Q

tetrad

A

4 cocci

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13
Q

sarcinae

A

cube of 8 cocci

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14
Q

staphlococci

A

cluster of many cocci

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15
Q

diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli

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16
Q

streptobacilli

A

string of many bacilli

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17
Q

coccobacillus

A

irregular shaped cocci/bacilli

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18
Q

vibrio

A

1/2 spiral

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19
Q

spirillum

A

corkscrew spiral

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20
Q

spirochete

A

tight/thin spiral

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21
Q

filamentous

A

long thin cell

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22
Q

what cells do not have a phospholipid bilayer?

A

archea

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23
Q

what does a phospholipid bilayer consist of?

A

2 fatty acids
1 phosphate
glycerol (3- carbon chain)

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24
Q

what is the purpose of a phospholipid bilayer?

A

to separate two environments, a barrier

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25
Q

gram positive characterization:

A

inner membrane, thick peptidoglycan

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26
Q

gram negative characterization:

A

inner and outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide + protein, periplasm surrounding the small cell wall; peptidoglycan

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27
Q

why are spores produced in bacteria?

A

for dormancy-resist pH, temperatures, and radiation

28
Q

vegetative cell:

A

actively dividing and metabolising

29
Q

sporulating cell

A

forming a spore in the cell

30
Q

mature spore

A

spore is released (dna is in the spore), rest of cell degenerates

31
Q

germination

A

when a mature spore decides it’s time to divide and go back to a vegetative cell

32
Q

sporulation

A

when an environment is suboptible-temp, pH, high salt, radiation, a cell produced spores to withstand it and become dormant

33
Q

what triggers sporulation?

A

population density

34
Q

sporulation efficiency

A

10-40% of cells produce spores

35
Q

types of spore position:

A

central, terminal, subterminal (dictated by DNA/genetics)

36
Q

types of spore shape:

A

round, oval (specific to species)

37
Q

types of cell swelling:

A

cell swells around the spores, non-swelling spore (specific to species)

38
Q

how does sporulation occur?

A
  1. DNA replication -central, terminal, or subterminal
  2. septum -plasma membrane created a barrier
  3. spore septum -forespore is formed, 2 membranes
  4. cortex -peptidoglycan layers form between membranes
  5. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) and calcium -accumulated inside endospore while cortex finishes forming
  6. SASP -DNA binding protein covers chromosome while DNA is being dehydrated by ca.DPA
  7. spore coat -made of keratin like structure is formed on outside of the spore to protect it
  8. spouting call’s DNA, cell wall, and call -denigrate
  9. endospore -is related from th cell creating a mature spore
39
Q

what does DPA do for the spore?

A

interacts with the water and makes it unavailable so the DNA cannot interact with water and won’t be so sensitive to changing/drastic environments

40
Q

What does SASP do for the spore?

A

protects the DNA from radiation

41
Q

exosporial is what?

A

sometimes another coat formed around the endospore

42
Q

how does germination occur?

A
  1. pore -communicates with the environment and when its stable for growth pore rehydration occurs:
    if the spore decides, the genes in DNA allow water to flood into the call
    then setting off a series of events
  2. vegetative cell -ready for sporulation is created
43
Q

is sporulation and germination reversible?

A

no

44
Q

how long does vegetative cell-spore (sporulation) take?

A

6-8 hours

45
Q

how long does spore-vegetative cell (germination) take?

A

1-2 hours

46
Q

what is a glycocalyx?

A

sticky usually carbohydrate matrix on nearly all bacteria
-repeating units of carbohydrates or amino acids

47
Q

purpose of a glycocalyx?

A

-protection against dehydration, chemicals, and viruses
-attachment -motility

48
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

bacteria eating viruses

49
Q

what diagnostic tool us sued to identify a specific organism by species or strain of glycocalyx?

A

K-antigen -the structure of the glycocalyx

50
Q

what types of glycocalyx are there?

A

1.capsule
2.slime -gliding motility

51
Q

what is the most common form of movement for bacterial cells?

A

flagella-flagellum

52
Q

single polar flagellum:

A

monotrichous

53
Q

many flagella on one polar end of the cell driving it in one direction:

A

lophotrichous

54
Q

flagella on both polar ends of the cell

A

amphitrichous

55
Q

multiple flagella not restricted to ends/poles (not polar)

A

peritrichous

56
Q

do prokaryotic flagellum have cilia

A

no

57
Q

What is an h-antigen?

A

sequence of flagellin-diagnostic tool

58
Q

what is the arrangement of eukaryotic flagellum?

A

9+2 microtubule arrangment

59
Q

what is trichous movement also considered?

A

run and tumble

60
Q

what is false motility or Brownian movement?

A

shaking of the cell due to the water molecules “false motility”

61
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

movement trades nutrients or away from toxins

62
Q

what is ameboid movement?

A

no cell wall (macrophages) the flow of cytoplasm as extensions of the organism.

63
Q

what is cytoskeletal propulsion?

A

(listeria, shigella, rickettsia) causes action to polymerize/pushes/infects cells, antibodies cannot defend against this

64
Q

what is the use of endoflagellum?

A

Endoflagella are bundles of flagella called axial filaments that wrap around the cell body of spirochetes. The axial filaments cause the bundles of flagella to rotate to help the spirochete move in a twisting motion.

65
Q

what do fimbriae do?

A

attachment, role in virulence, colonization-residency

66
Q

what do pili do?

A

attachment, injection of toxins, F pilus-fertility

Microbiology Midterm (3 decks)

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