EXAM 2 MATERIAL Flashcards
Sexual reproduction of Fungi
2 organisms cause karyogamic state: the fusion of genetic information, create zygote, diploid stage of fruiting body then generates into spores to be be produced.
mycelium + mycelium - > Plasmogamy (the union of 2 mycelia cytoplasms & heterokaryon) -> Heterokaryotic stage -> Karyogamy (the 2 haploid nuclei fuse; produce diploid cells-> zygote -> meiosis -> spores -> germinate -> mycelium.
Asexual reproduction of fungi
Mycelium generate spores, regenerate mycelium
Is mycelium involved in both sexual and asexual reproduction?
Yes
Chytrids
Flagelled spores for moving in wet environments
Group 2: Zygomycetes
Fast growing on bread/fruit. Zygosporangia reproductive structures ( the site of karyogamy and then meiosis) , ]produce and release spores
Pilobolus
Aim sporangia towards light
3rd group: Glomeromycetes
Mycorrhizae, gain CO2 from plant’s release and benefit plant.
Ectomycorrhizal : Outside of roots
Endomycorrhizal: Inside root’s plasmamembrane
4th Group: Ascomycetes
Sac Fungi
Freshwater, Marine, Terrestrial moist
Fruit Bodies: Asci contain ascocarps =the fruiting body
5th Group: Basidiomycetes
Club Fungi
Decomposers of wood, Mycorrhizae, Plant parasites.
Concentric circle
Cause of Concentril Circle
Spores germinate at center of circle, grow outward in uniform and constant, when conditions are right hyphae merge and create fruiting bodies at the same time.
Lichens
Fungus and photosynthetic Microbes (algae and /or cyanobacteria). similar function to mycorrhizae. Occupy lichen surface to protect algae.
Carophyceans
Green algae branched away from land plant.
Common traits of Land Plants share with Carophyceans
- ) Cell wall Synthesis and Structure.
- ) Metabolic Enzymes, photorespiration
- ) Reproductive Structures: Flagellated sperm
- ) Dividing Cells, Meristomatic Tissue
- ) Homologous Chloroplast
Traits Only Land Plants have compared Carphyceans
- ) Apical Meristem
- ) Alternation of Generation using multicellular bodies (Carphyceans only unicellular)
- ) Walled Spores produced in Sporangia (Ferns?)
- ) Multicellular Gametangia: ??
- ) Multicellular Dependent Embryos : Seed Reserves
Other Adaptation of Land Plants
- ) Cuticle: Minimize water loss in leaves
- ) Secondary Compounds: ??
- ) Stomata
Characterizing Land Plants (3 characteristics we will focus on)
- ) Vascular or Nonvascular?
- ) If Vascular is it Seedless?
- ) If Vascular does it produce seeds?
Examples of Seedless vascular land plants
Lycophytes : Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
Examples of Seeding Vascular land plants
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Examples of Non Vascular land plants
And distinguish
Bryophytes: Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
MOSS: Sporophyte and gametophytes
sporangium houses spores within the sporophyte.
gametophytic stage is long lived and provides majority of nutrients, supporting the sporophyte.
Origin of gymnosperms and angiosperms
- ) Origin of land plants
a. ) liverworts, hornworts, mosses - ) Origin of vascular plants
a. ) lycophytes= club/spike mosses, quillworts - ) Origin of extant seed plants
a. ) gymnosperms
b. ) angiosperms
- varieties of land plants
2. varieties of lycophytes
- liverworts, hornworts, mosses
2. vascular plants, club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
3 types of Bryophytes
liverworts
hornworts
mosses
life cycle of moss
Sporophyte and matephyte of mosses
First forests formed by.
ferns and other seedless vascular plants
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
Switch of sporophyte-
gametophyte is quite and short lived.
frans have sporophyte greater.
Significance of seedless vascular plants
massive organisms,
restricted to wet environments, more limited by ability to reproduction of spores, the tendency to dry out.
General group of seedless vascular plants
lycophyte
pterophyta
(horse tail, ferns)
Life cycle of a fern
sporophyte is the fran, diploid 2N, sporangia (develops spores) where meiosis occurs/ reduction, haploid spores into gametophyte. archegonium and antheridium on same structure. zygote and new sporophyte from gametophyte. mature sporophyte 2n
Gametes vs spores
games fuse together = fertilization fertilization causes zygote. the zygote is diploid + mitosis (growth and development divide and differentiate) create a sporophyte. reduction of information
Archegonia
female of moss
Antheridia
male of moss
Antheridia
male of moss
- ) Tracheids
- ) Tracheophytes
* *(trachea?)
- ) Cells, water conducting, found in xylem to transport water and minerals UP FROM ROOTS
- ) Another name for vascular plants (non vascular plants don’t have tracheids
- ) Lignified Cells
- ) Lignified Vascular Tissues
- ) Other effects of lignified cells
Water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin
- ) Why plants grow tall , stems strong against gravity , transport stuff above ground
- ) Taller plants able to shade other plants
Phloem
1.) Cells in tubes, distribute sugars, amino acids, other organic products
1.) Non Vascular Plants
A. Lycophytes
B. pterophytes
1.) Cannot grow tall (lack of lignified vascular cells), low growing
A.) Spike, Club, Quill
B.) Fern, Horse, Whisk
Rhizoids
Found in bryophytes , non vascular plants (do not have roots)
Leaves
- ) Microphylls
- ) Megaphylls
- ) Homosporous Spore Production (ferns)
- ) Heterosporous Spore Production
1.) Found ONLY and in EVERY Lycophytes (first vascular plants had the first leaves) : small spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue
Microphyls produce microspores that develop into Male Gametophytes
- ) Found in OTHER VASCULAR plants
- ) Sporophyll has Sporangium -> produces single type of spore -> bisexual gametophyte -> Egg & Sperm
4.) Microsporophyll has Microsporangium -> produces Microspore -> male gametophyte -> Sperm….
….Megasporophyll simultaneously producing female gametophyte producing the egg
Lycophytes
the oldest lineage of present-day vascular plants
- ) Sporophylls (Tissue)
- ) Sori
- ) In Angiosperms
- )Strobili In Gymnosperms
- ) Tissue of Modified leaves bearing sporangia
- ) A group of sporangia found underneath sporophylls tissue
- ) Sporophylls form gymnosperm straboli and parts of angiosperm flowers
- ) Sporophylls form Strobili cone-like structures
Homosporus
Most seedless vascular plants (ferns) . One type of sporangium producing one type of spore
Ferns and lycophytes
Seedless vascular plants , flagellum sperm (like bryophytes) thus found in damp regions.
Because no vascular system : can dry out and rehydrate : Think desiccation hibernation ?
Non-seeding Vascular plants (ferns and lycophytes) : Life cycle with Dominant Sporophytes
**DOMINANT: When looking at the plant, its what you generally see of that plant
Sporophyte: “Leafy part” of ferns
Gametophyte: tiny structures that grow on the surface of ferns
You can see gametophyte became even more reduced during the evolution of seed plants.
- ) Bryophyte Sporophytes
- ) Evolution of
- ) Anatomy : Seta , Sporangium , Spores
- ) How spores are released
- ) Periostome
Green and photoshynthetic but cannot live on own (they are attached to parental gametophytes and absorb nutrients from gametophytes)
2.) Are small in bryophytes but evolve into larger ones later in vascular plants
3.) Seta conducts materials to Sporangium.
Sporangium produces spores (1N) via MEIOSIS.
4.) Elongation of Seta releases spores
- ) Bryophyte Sporophytes
- ) Evolution of
- ) Anatomy : Seta , Sporangium , Spores
- ) How spores are released
- ) Periostome
- ) Stomata
Green and photoshynthetic but cannot live on own (they are attached to parental gametophytes and absorb nutrients from gametophytes)
2.) Are small in bryophytes but evolve into larger ones later in vascular plants
3.) Seta conducts materials to Sporangium.
Sporangium produces spores (1N) via MEIOSIS.
4.) Elongation of Seta releases spores
5.) Periostome closes when wet, open when dry = gradual discharge
6.) Found only in Horn and Moss, suggesting this evolutionary trait split leaving liverworts without . Though hornworts may have acquired independently of mosses and vascular plants
** Counting an increase in stomata also correlates the drop of ancient CO2
- ) The Seed
- ) Seeded plants : gametophytes-sporophyte relationship
- ) heterospory,
- ) Integument, Ovules
- ) pollen
1.) Analogous to a detachable woman womb; housing a zygote and providing nutrients.
2.) Gametophyte = delicate female egg-containing receiving protection and nutrients from sporophyte. Nearly microscopic, gametophytes develop from spores retained within the sporangia of parents sporophyte.
Thus gametophyte is dependent of sporophyte
- )
- ) Ovule is the retaining Megasporangium and megaspore within sporophyte.
Megasporangium gets covered/protected by Sporophyte tissue Integument
Ovule = megasporangium, megaspore and integument(s). Only one female gametophyte developes from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs.
5.) Microspore develops into Pollen grain.
Pollen grain is composed of one male gametophyte .
When pollen grain germinates during pollination it developes a pollen tube that discharges sperm into female gametophyte within the Ovule.
Gymnosperm Megasporangia
vs
Angiosperm Megasporangia
Surrounded by one integument
vs
surrounded by two integuments
Gymnosperm Megasporangia
vs
Angiosperm Megasporangia
Surrounded by one integument
vs
surrounded by two integuments
- ) Fertilization of Seeded Plants = Seeds
2. ) Seeds of Gymnosperms
Sperm from pollen fertilizes egg of gymnosperm of Ovule = Zygote.
Zygote grows into sporophyte embryo.
Ovule’s entirety develops into a seed
Integuments supply protection and nutrients
2.) Modified leaves , Sporophylls, form cones of naked seeds, Strobili
