EXAM 2 MATERIAL Flashcards
Sexual reproduction of Fungi
2 organisms cause karyogamic state: the fusion of genetic information, create zygote, diploid stage of fruiting body then generates into spores to be be produced.
mycelium + mycelium - > Plasmogamy (the union of 2 mycelia cytoplasms & heterokaryon) -> Heterokaryotic stage -> Karyogamy (the 2 haploid nuclei fuse; produce diploid cells-> zygote -> meiosis -> spores -> germinate -> mycelium.
Asexual reproduction of fungi
Mycelium generate spores, regenerate mycelium
Is mycelium involved in both sexual and asexual reproduction?
Yes
Chytrids
Flagelled spores for moving in wet environments
Group 2: Zygomycetes
Fast growing on bread/fruit. Zygosporangia reproductive structures ( the site of karyogamy and then meiosis) , ]produce and release spores
Pilobolus
Aim sporangia towards light
3rd group: Glomeromycetes
Mycorrhizae, gain CO2 from plant’s release and benefit plant.
Ectomycorrhizal : Outside of roots
Endomycorrhizal: Inside root’s plasmamembrane
4th Group: Ascomycetes
Sac Fungi
Freshwater, Marine, Terrestrial moist
Fruit Bodies: Asci contain ascocarps =the fruiting body
5th Group: Basidiomycetes
Club Fungi
Decomposers of wood, Mycorrhizae, Plant parasites.
Concentric circle
Cause of Concentril Circle
Spores germinate at center of circle, grow outward in uniform and constant, when conditions are right hyphae merge and create fruiting bodies at the same time.
Lichens
Fungus and photosynthetic Microbes (algae and /or cyanobacteria). similar function to mycorrhizae. Occupy lichen surface to protect algae.
Carophyceans
Green algae branched away from land plant.
Common traits of Land Plants share with Carophyceans
- ) Cell wall Synthesis and Structure.
- ) Metabolic Enzymes, photorespiration
- ) Reproductive Structures: Flagellated sperm
- ) Dividing Cells, Meristomatic Tissue
- ) Homologous Chloroplast
Traits Only Land Plants have compared Carphyceans
- ) Apical Meristem
- ) Alternation of Generation using multicellular bodies (Carphyceans only unicellular)
- ) Walled Spores produced in Sporangia (Ferns?)
- ) Multicellular Gametangia: ??
- ) Multicellular Dependent Embryos : Seed Reserves
Other Adaptation of Land Plants
- ) Cuticle: Minimize water loss in leaves
- ) Secondary Compounds: ??
- ) Stomata
Characterizing Land Plants (3 characteristics we will focus on)
- ) Vascular or Nonvascular?
- ) If Vascular is it Seedless?
- ) If Vascular does it produce seeds?
Examples of Seedless vascular land plants
Lycophytes : Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
Examples of Seeding Vascular land plants
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Examples of Non Vascular land plants
And distinguish
Bryophytes: Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
MOSS: Sporophyte and gametophytes
sporangium houses spores within the sporophyte.
gametophytic stage is long lived and provides majority of nutrients, supporting the sporophyte.