EXAM 1 Material Flashcards
What are the organs of aplant
roots & shoots & Leaves
most of the growth of plant body is the result of
cell elongation
innermost layers of root cortex
endodermis
hardwood and sapwood consist of
secondary growth xylem
goes both ways, carries and sugar
phloem
only goes up from roots, water and minerals
xylem
continuous throughout plant, inter tissue
ground tissue (between dermal and vascular tissue )
THIN unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide (healing and growth) , metabolic functions of synthesis and storage. Metabolism with plastids. The progenitor of all other cell types.
parenchyma (located in ground tissue)
** can elongate, heal, store and create food
**found in pith, cortex, mesophyll
THICK flexible cells that support young growing parts of the plant ( lack secondary walls as well as hardening agent in primary walls)
Collenchyma (ground tissue)
**Collen is young flexible and growing, he is lengthy like a celery stick.
*Has lots of cellulose , not lignified
THICKEST fibers and sclereids, thick walls that support mature nongrowing parts of the plant. only cell with secondary walls
Schlerenchyma (ground tissue)
**Scully is NUTS. He’s older, not growing, rigid and has a second wall
Causes tree rings
Peridermis replacing dermal tissue
long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots
Vascular tissue
SAM
Shoot apical meristem. Located at both terminal bud and axillary buds.
Produces/gives rise to internodes, and leaf-bearing nodes (both elongation and outward growth)
RAM
Root apical meristem
Sporophyte embryo
Produes spores resulting in gametophyte. dormant in vascular plants. A
- Mature sporophyte plant (2n) produces a flower.
- Sporophyte embryo (2n) forms after fertilization and after zygote (2n) develops.
- This sporophyte embryo is found as a seed within a fruit.
What is the difference between a sporophyte embryo and a seed? The seed is the outer layer protecting the sporophyte
Cotyledons
the first leaves of germination
this organ is found in only vascular plants
roots
Examples of modified roots
prop roots, storage roots, aerial roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores
pneumatophores
specialized for gas exchange
inhale O2, Exhale CO2 just like us
Nodes
Connects leaf to the plant stem.
Like a lump/bulb of the plant stem
Auxilary bud
structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch
Terminal bud
Located near shoot tip, causes elongation of young shoot
Examples of modified stems
Stolons: form at nodes.
Bulbs: (onions) Tubers: (potatoes),
Rhizomes:horizontal stem
Main photosynthetic organ
Leaves
Examples of modified leaves
Spines, bract, storage leaves, tendrils, reproductive leaves
Lateral meristems
Only found in woody plants through secondary growth, add thickness
Apical Meristems
Located at tops or roots/bud of shoots. add elongated vertical growth.
This the of growth lengthens roots and shoots
Primary growth
Lateral roots arise from
pericycle
Primary growth of shoots
Apical meristem at tip of both terminal and axillary buds
Primary growth of shoots
Apical meristem at tip of both terminal and axillary buds give rise to internodes and leaf-bearing nodes
Stomata
open to release h20 and co2 inwards
upper and lower epidermis
sand which ground tissue in leaf
Simplastic
through cell walls through opening
Simplastic
through cell walls through opening
Apoplastic
Through cell all
Simplastic
through cell cytosol. Through opening
Vascular cambium
produces secondary plant body, adds secondary xylem and phloem
Plasmodemsa
opening/chanel between cells for symplastic pathway
Passive transport
high to low
Active transport
uses energy, low to high
Osmosis
water moving towards solutes
Flattened blade of leaf connects to ____ which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
Petiole.
*this is the stalk structure that is between the leaf and stem’s node.
Where is the Stamen, what is its purpose,
and name the structures that compose it
Stamen found inside the flower, contains the pollen (think sperms)
think stamen / sperm/ semen
Composed of:
- ) Anther (pollen bulb) and
- ) filament (slender, threadlike object)
* think of wires of lightbulb
Ant Fil
Where is the Carpel,
what is its purpose,
and name the structures that compose it
The carpel is found in the very center of the flower and homes the ovary.
- ) Stigma (opening) ,
- ) style (think stylist/ hollow stem) ,
- ) ovary
Stig, sty, ov
Sepal
The house of the flower. usually leaf-like, green.
Petal
Modified leaves, typically colored, attached to Sepal
List the tissues of a flower starting from stem , outside of the flower working wards to the ovary
Stem of plant,Sepal, petal, stamen, carpel, ovary
Seep, pet, stay, cars
Pericycle
Single celled layer, last layer of vascular cylinder in roots. Sandwiched between the endodermis (outside) layer and phloem(inside) , the outermost layer tissue of root organ.
Responsible for the movement of minerals and water in xylem (vascular cylinder of roots).
Source of branching roots formation (with hormones) .
Composed of non vascular parenchyma cells.
Pericycle is part of the vascular tissue of roots. , found within the vascular cylinder
Gymnos and Most edicot STEMS share the anatomy
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring sandwiched between Cortex (outside) and Pith (inside)
Monocots STEMS share this anatomy
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue.
Does this mean they have no pith or cortex?
Epidermal in leaves, Ground tissue in leaves,
Vascular tissue in leaves
Epidermal: purpose is to protect inner regions of the leaf, interrupted by stomata.
Ground: sandwhiched between upper and lower epidermis
Vascular: continuous with stem
Guard cells
Found as thickest cells around stomata.
They close stomata (when limp, no energy used) to prevent excess water loss through transpiration.
Guard cells
Found as thickest cells around stomata.
They close stomata (when limp, no energy used) to prevent excess water loss through transpiration.
Open stoma (turgid/ swollen) by using K+ Cl- and H2O
- ) Secondary Phloem
2. ) Secondary xylem
Produced by vascular cambium and becomes bark
2.) Also produced by vascular cambium but becomes sap&hard wood
Cork cambium
found outside of secondary phloem but still inside bark. Produces cork outward. This is the final layer, the Periderm, of the bark. This means that all cork producing trees also have a vascular cambium producing a sap&hardwood.
Apoplastic route through cortex of roots
Cell walls:
1.) starts at root hairs
2.) travels around cells between membranes and porous cell walls
(Apoplast: water-filled cell walls and intercellular space)
All travels into xylem /cylinder must be via Apoplastic
3.) end at xylem
Symplastic route through cortex of roots
through cell highway , openings (plasmodesmata)
All travels through vascular tissue must be via symplastic
* it’s simple to travel through openings*
Transmembrane route
through cortex of roots
- ) starts from roots hairs
- ) travel through cells via water channels
* between membranes and cell walls*
plasmodesmata
Involved in symplastic route. Opened channels between connected cells.
Humus
decaying organic matter. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO), Prevents clay from packing together, aerate roots, cation exchange and mineral reservoir.
Clay vs Silt vs Sand
pyramid of soil types. Sand retains no water but allow O2 exchange in roots , clay retains all water and is effected by Humus
silt :
Charge of soil
Charge of anions
charge of cations
Soil is negatively charge.
Anions do not stay in soil easily. realize easily into ground water
Soil Gasses
O2 and N2 gas dissolve into soil from atmosphere
while CO2 dissolve into soil from microbes and other organisms
Anions in soil
Nitrate
sulfate
Phosphate
Cation exchange in soil
- ) Root of plant releases CO2 + H2O to create Carbonic acid
- ) carbonic acid donates a proton H+
- ) H+ from acid attaches to soil and bumps off a cation K+, Ca+ or Mg+ into soil solution
- ) plant takes up soil solution cations through roots
Cation exchange in soil
- ) Root of plant releases CO2 + H2O to create Carbonic acid
- ) carbonic acid donates a proton H+
- ) H+ from acid attaches to soil and bumps off a cation K+, Ca+ or Mg+ into soil solution
- ) plant takes up soil solution cations through roots
Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency
Mobile nutrient deficiency: Affects older organs
Less Mobile Nutrient deficiency: Affects younger
Top Soil Combo
Organic and Inorganic material. 1.) Mineral particles 2.) living organic 3.) humus (dead organic) Loams - parts of silt and clay, topsoil most fertile and abundant growth
Nitrogen Fixation
- )Nitrogen fixing Bacteria take in N2 Gas, release NH3 ammonia (YUH!!) into soil, while Nitrifying Bacteria take in NH4 (YUM!) and release NH3 (YUH!) into soil
- A) Ammonia in soil and H+ in soil forms NH4 (YUM!) and plant takes that in. OR -> Plant takes in NH3 released from Nitrifying bacteria.
Erosion
Removal of topsoil, soil degradation
No-Till agriculture
Seed more, fertilize less
Irrigation
Because H2O limiting factor of plant growth, draining freshwater resources
Drip irrigation
in arid regions, less water use and reduce salinization
Mycorrhizae
Fungal hyphae i cortex of roots, between cortical cells. Arbuscules
Soil pH
Sulfate lower pH,
Lime increase pH
Transduction
the release or hormones relaying a response to a specific reception due to change in environment
Cell elongation
uses atp
Cytokinins
stimulate cell division and differentiation
apical dominance
terminal buds ability to suppress development axillary buds. Remove this for the plant to become bushier . Dominant apical = dormant lateral growth
Gibberellins
- )Fruit,
- ) stem,
- ) germination: after ceed detects water, gibers are release for growth
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Response to cold and drought
- ) promote seed dormancy (inhibit seed germination)
- ) drought tolerance: ABA accumulates in leaves, closing stomata
Ethylene gas
- ) response to stress,
2. ) ripening fruit (bag of bananas)
Photomorphogenesis
light affecting plant movement
Blue light
- )control hypocotyl elongation
- ) stomata opening
- ) phototropism
Red light
- ) Seed germination
- ) shade avoidance
- ) time of day/seasons
thigmotropism
response to touch
