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BIOLOGY > EXAM 1 Material > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Material Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the organs of aplant

A

roots & shoots & Leaves

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2
Q

most of the growth of plant body is the result of

A

cell elongation

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3
Q

innermost layers of root cortex

A

endodermis

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4
Q

hardwood and sapwood consist of

A

secondary growth xylem

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5
Q

goes both ways, carries and sugar

A

phloem

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6
Q

only goes up from roots, water and minerals

A

xylem

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7
Q

continuous throughout plant, inter tissue

A

ground tissue (between dermal and vascular tissue )

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8
Q

THIN unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide (healing and growth) , metabolic functions of synthesis and storage. Metabolism with plastids. The progenitor of all other cell types.

A

parenchyma (located in ground tissue)

** can elongate, heal, store and create food

**found in pith, cortex, mesophyll

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9
Q

THICK flexible cells that support young growing parts of the plant ( lack secondary walls as well as hardening agent in primary walls)

A

Collenchyma (ground tissue)

**Collen is young flexible and growing, he is lengthy like a celery stick.

*Has lots of cellulose , not lignified

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10
Q

THICKEST fibers and sclereids, thick walls that support mature nongrowing parts of the plant. only cell with secondary walls

A

Schlerenchyma (ground tissue)

**Scully is NUTS. He’s older, not growing, rigid and has a second wall

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11
Q

Causes tree rings

A

Peridermis replacing dermal tissue

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12
Q

long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

A

Vascular tissue

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13
Q

SAM

A

Shoot apical meristem. Located at both terminal bud and axillary buds.
Produces/gives rise to internodes, and leaf-bearing nodes (both elongation and outward growth)

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14
Q

RAM

A

Root apical meristem

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15
Q

Sporophyte embryo

A

Produes spores resulting in gametophyte. dormant in vascular plants. A

  • Mature sporophyte plant (2n) produces a flower.
  • Sporophyte embryo (2n) forms after fertilization and after zygote (2n) develops.
  • This sporophyte embryo is found as a seed within a fruit.

What is the difference between a sporophyte embryo and a seed? The seed is the outer layer protecting the sporophyte

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16
Q

Cotyledons

A

the first leaves of germination

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17
Q

this organ is found in only vascular plants

A

roots

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18
Q

Examples of modified roots

A

prop roots, storage roots, aerial roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores

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19
Q

pneumatophores

A

specialized for gas exchange

inhale O2, Exhale CO2 just like us

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20
Q

Nodes

A

Connects leaf to the plant stem.

Like a lump/bulb of the plant stem

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21
Q

Auxilary bud

A

structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

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22
Q

Terminal bud

A

Located near shoot tip, causes elongation of young shoot

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23
Q

Examples of modified stems

A

Stolons: form at nodes.
Bulbs: (onions) Tubers: (potatoes),
Rhizomes:horizontal stem

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24
Q

Main photosynthetic organ

A

Leaves

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25
Q

Examples of modified leaves

A

Spines, bract, storage leaves, tendrils, reproductive leaves

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26
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Only found in woody plants through secondary growth, add thickness

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27
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Located at tops or roots/bud of shoots. add elongated vertical growth.

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28
Q

This the of growth lengthens roots and shoots

A

Primary growth

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29
Q

Lateral roots arise from

A

pericycle

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30
Q

Primary growth of shoots

A

Apical meristem at tip of both terminal and axillary buds

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31
Q

Primary growth of shoots

A

Apical meristem at tip of both terminal and axillary buds give rise to internodes and leaf-bearing nodes

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32
Q

Stomata

A

open to release h20 and co2 inwards

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33
Q

upper and lower epidermis

A

sand which ground tissue in leaf

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34
Q

Simplastic

A

through cell walls through opening

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35
Q

Simplastic

A

through cell walls through opening

36
Q

Apoplastic

A

Through cell all

37
Q

Simplastic

A

through cell cytosol. Through opening

38
Q

Vascular cambium

A

produces secondary plant body, adds secondary xylem and phloem

39
Q

Plasmodemsa

A

opening/chanel between cells for symplastic pathway

40
Q

Passive transport

A

high to low

41
Q

Active transport

A

uses energy, low to high

42
Q

Osmosis

A

water moving towards solutes

43
Q

Flattened blade of leaf connects to ____ which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

A

Petiole.

*this is the stalk structure that is between the leaf and stem’s node.

44
Q

Where is the Stamen, what is its purpose,

and name the structures that compose it

A

Stamen found inside the flower, contains the pollen (think sperms)

think stamen / sperm/ semen

Composed of:

  1. ) Anther (pollen bulb) and
  2. ) filament (slender, threadlike object)
    * think of wires of lightbulb

Ant Fil

45
Q

Where is the Carpel,
what is its purpose,
and name the structures that compose it

A

The carpel is found in the very center of the flower and homes the ovary.

  1. ) Stigma (opening) ,
  2. ) style (think stylist/ hollow stem) ,
  3. ) ovary

Stig, sty, ov

46
Q

Sepal

A

The house of the flower. usually leaf-like, green.

47
Q

Petal

A

Modified leaves, typically colored, attached to Sepal

48
Q

List the tissues of a flower starting from stem , outside of the flower working wards to the ovary

A

Stem of plant,Sepal, petal, stamen, carpel, ovary

Seep, pet, stay, cars

49
Q

Pericycle

A

Single celled layer, last layer of vascular cylinder in roots. Sandwiched between the endodermis (outside) layer and phloem(inside) , the outermost layer tissue of root organ.
Responsible for the movement of minerals and water in xylem (vascular cylinder of roots).
Source of branching roots formation (with hormones) .
Composed of non vascular parenchyma cells.

Pericycle is part of the vascular tissue of roots. , found within the vascular cylinder

50
Q

Gymnos and Most edicot STEMS share the anatomy

A

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring sandwiched between Cortex (outside) and Pith (inside)

51
Q

Monocots STEMS share this anatomy

A

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue.

Does this mean they have no pith or cortex?

52
Q

Epidermal in leaves, Ground tissue in leaves,

Vascular tissue in leaves

A

Epidermal: purpose is to protect inner regions of the leaf, interrupted by stomata.
Ground: sandwhiched between upper and lower epidermis
Vascular: continuous with stem

53
Q

Guard cells

A

Found as thickest cells around stomata.

They close stomata (when limp, no energy used) to prevent excess water loss through transpiration.

54
Q

Guard cells

A

Found as thickest cells around stomata.
They close stomata (when limp, no energy used) to prevent excess water loss through transpiration.
Open stoma (turgid/ swollen) by using K+ Cl- and H2O

55
Q
  1. ) Secondary Phloem

2. ) Secondary xylem

A

Produced by vascular cambium and becomes bark

2.) Also produced by vascular cambium but becomes sap&hard wood

56
Q

Cork cambium

A

found outside of secondary phloem but still inside bark. Produces cork outward. This is the final layer, the Periderm, of the bark. This means that all cork producing trees also have a vascular cambium producing a sap&hardwood.

57
Q

Apoplastic route through cortex of roots

A

Cell walls:
1.) starts at root hairs
2.) travels around cells between membranes and porous cell walls
(Apoplast: water-filled cell walls and intercellular space)
All travels into xylem /cylinder must be via Apoplastic
3.) end at xylem

58
Q

Symplastic route through cortex of roots

A

through cell highway , openings (plasmodesmata)
All travels through vascular tissue must be via symplastic
* it’s simple to travel through openings*

59
Q

Transmembrane route

through cortex of roots

A
  1. ) starts from roots hairs
  2. ) travel through cells via water channels
    * between membranes and cell walls*
60
Q

plasmodesmata

A

Involved in symplastic route. Opened channels between connected cells.

61
Q

Humus

A

decaying organic matter. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO), Prevents clay from packing together, aerate roots, cation exchange and mineral reservoir.

62
Q

Clay vs Silt vs Sand

A

pyramid of soil types. Sand retains no water but allow O2 exchange in roots , clay retains all water and is effected by Humus
silt :

63
Q

Charge of soil
Charge of anions
charge of cations

A

Soil is negatively charge.

Anions do not stay in soil easily. realize easily into ground water

64
Q

Soil Gasses

A

O2 and N2 gas dissolve into soil from atmosphere

while CO2 dissolve into soil from microbes and other organisms

65
Q

Anions in soil

A

Nitrate
sulfate
Phosphate

66
Q

Cation exchange in soil

A
  1. ) Root of plant releases CO2 + H2O to create Carbonic acid
  2. ) carbonic acid donates a proton H+
  3. ) H+ from acid attaches to soil and bumps off a cation K+, Ca+ or Mg+ into soil solution
  4. ) plant takes up soil solution cations through roots
67
Q

Cation exchange in soil

A
  1. ) Root of plant releases CO2 + H2O to create Carbonic acid
  2. ) carbonic acid donates a proton H+
  3. ) H+ from acid attaches to soil and bumps off a cation K+, Ca+ or Mg+ into soil solution
  4. ) plant takes up soil solution cations through roots
68
Q

Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency

A

Mobile nutrient deficiency: Affects older organs

Less Mobile Nutrient deficiency: Affects younger

69
Q

Top Soil Combo

A 
Organic and Inorganic material.
1.) Mineral particles
2.) living organic
3.) humus (dead organic)
Loams - parts of silt and clay, topsoil most fertile and abundant growth
70
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A
  1. )Nitrogen fixing Bacteria take in N2 Gas, release NH3 ammonia (YUH!!) into soil, while Nitrifying Bacteria take in NH4 (YUM!) and release NH3 (YUH!) into soil
  2. A) Ammonia in soil and H+ in soil forms NH4 (YUM!) and plant takes that in. OR -> Plant takes in NH3 released from Nitrifying bacteria.
71
Q

Erosion

A

Removal of topsoil, soil degradation

72
Q

No-Till agriculture

A

Seed more, fertilize less

73
Q

Irrigation

A

Because H2O limiting factor of plant growth, draining freshwater resources

74
Q

Drip irrigation

A

in arid regions, less water use and reduce salinization

75
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungal hyphae i cortex of roots, between cortical cells. Arbuscules

76
Q

Soil pH

A

Sulfate lower pH,

Lime increase pH

77
Q

Transduction

A

the release or hormones relaying a response to a specific reception due to change in environment

78
Q

Cell elongation

A

uses atp

79
Q

Cytokinins

A

stimulate cell division and differentiation

80
Q

apical dominance

A

terminal buds ability to suppress development axillary buds. Remove this for the plant to become bushier . Dominant apical = dormant lateral growth

81
Q

Gibberellins

A
  1. )Fruit,
  2. ) stem,
  3. ) germination: after ceed detects water, gibers are release for growth
82
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Response to cold and drought

  1. ) promote seed dormancy (inhibit seed germination)
  2. ) drought tolerance: ABA accumulates in leaves, closing stomata
83
Q

Ethylene gas

A
  1. ) response to stress,

2. ) ripening fruit (bag of bananas)

84
Q

Photomorphogenesis

A

light affecting plant movement

85
Q

Blue light

A
  1. )control hypocotyl elongation
  2. ) stomata opening
  3. ) phototropism
86
Q

Red light

A
  1. ) Seed germination
  2. ) shade avoidance
  3. ) time of day/seasons
87
Q

thigmotropism

A

response to touch

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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