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Equine Production > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

1
Q

2nd most common cause of ‘wastage’ of athletic horses

A

resp. system problems

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2
Q

work together to deliver O2 and nutrients from the environment to the working tissues

A

circulatory and resp systems

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3
Q

risk factors for resp. diseases

A

dusty environment, dry feeds, transport, stress, strange horse contact

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4
Q

upper airways include; provide; controls

A

nasal cavity, larynx and pharynx
provide resistance to air flow
controls amount of air flowing through pathways

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5
Q

if radius of airways is reduced resistance

A

increases

physical obstruction, inflammation, infectious disease, noisy breathing

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6
Q

scientific name for ‘roaring’

A

laryngeal hemiplasia: paralysis of the nerves of the larynx causing a collapse of the cartlige (usually left side); leads to exercise intolorance at very high intensities

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7
Q

extension of the roof of the mouth, separates the nasal and oral cavity

A

soft palate

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8
Q

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

A

seal can no loner form properly, leading to ineffective breathing

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9
Q

symptoms for dorsal displacement

A

gurgling noise, some air movement into/out of mouth; inability to keep exercising

generally corrects itself after exercising

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10
Q

lower airways

A

trachea, bronchi, alveoli

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11
Q

lower airway causes of poor performance

A

inflammatory airway disease; recurrent airway obstruction; exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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12
Q

inflammatory airway disease

A

occurs in 20-50% of athletic horses

cough and mucus accumulation in pharynx, trachea and bronchi; accumulation of inflammatory cells

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13
Q

factors that lead to inflammation

A

allergies, pulmonary stress, pollutants, and viral and bacterial infections

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14
Q

recurrent airway obstruction aka COPD

A

older mature horses
allergic condition, chronic cough, flared nostrils, elevated respiratory rate
related to envt. conditions

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15
Q

“bleeders” are caused by

A

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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16
Q

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

“bleeders”
blood cells enter airways
common in racing horses
associated with reductions in racing performance

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17
Q

Potential causes of EIPH

A

rupture of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar membrane –> blood cells enter the respiratory tract

related to high pressure gradient in the blood-gas barrier in the lungs

  • ->neg pressure in the alveoli during inspiration and positive pressure in the blood capillaries
  • ->mechanical pressure (organs moving back and forth)
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18
Q

epistaxis

A

visible blood in nostrils

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19
Q

method for testing EIPH

A

endoscope; scores 0-4

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20
Q

EIPH treatment methods

A

Lasix - most commonly used; diuretic (reduces plasma volume- reduction in blood pressure)

nasal stripes

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21
Q

cardiac causes of poor performance

A

arrhythmias; murmers

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22
Q

abnormal rhythm of the heart

A

cardiac arrhythmia- will affect blood movement through the heart and blood delivery to the body

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23
Q

arrythmias that alter performance

A

atrial fibrillation - atria flutters

ventricular premature beats - heart ‘skips a beat’ ventricle contracts before it is full

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24
Q

conditions that affect blood delivery to the body causes

A

fatigue
Such as: cardiac disease: murmurs, inflammation
systemic problems: acid/base or electrolyte imbalance

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25
Q

valvular regurgitations are also known as

A

murmurs

happens when valves do not completely close and blood leaks back into the chamber

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26
Q

heart murmurs are more common in

A

athletic/fit horses

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27
Q

less blood pumps out of the heart with each beat (need a more forceful beat)

A

aortic insufficiency

may lead to arrhythmia

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28
Q

aortic rupture

A

when there is a break (hole) in the wall of the aorta
blood pools in sac surrounding heart, chest cavity
often immediately fatal

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29
Q

normal body temperature range

A

37.5-38.5

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30
Q

biological work: external and internal

A

external: movement of the horse, movement of an objet by the horse
internal: muscle contraction, metabolism, etc.

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31
Q

requires the use of chemical energy and converts it to chemical, electrical or mechanical energy

A

work

results in heat production

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32
Q

how is heat produced in the muscle

A

chemical energy (nutrients) –> mechanical energy (muscle contraction)

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33
Q

heat must be

A

dissipated

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34
Q

is all heat a problem?

A

no; maintains body temp

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35
Q

effects of warming up before exercise

A

improvement in enzyme activity, increase O2 release from hemoglobin

36
Q

how much heat is produced during intense sprinting exercise vs endurance exercise

A

raise body temp 1 degree C per min at VO2max

lower rate of heat production but over a longer period of time; 15-21 degree C per hour

37
Q

factors affecting heat dissipation

A 
ambient temperature
humidity
wind
surface area
body condition
hair coat
38
Q

types of heat transfer

A

conduction; convection; radiation; evaporation

39
Q

direct contact form of heat transfer from high to low temp

A

conduction

40
Q

heat removed from the surface due to air currents

A

convection

41
Q

heat loss as infrared radiation; from high to low temp

A

radiation

42
Q

heat used to transform liquid to a vapor

A

evaporation (ex. sweating)

43
Q

why are effective cooling mechanisms especially important in the horse?

A

lots of muscle - produces lots of heat

small surface ares: body weight ratio; makes heat dissipation challenging

44
Q

sweating is simulted by

A

epinephrine

45
Q

anhidrosis

A

inability to sweat

46
Q

sweat is composed of

A

water, electrolytes, some protein

key electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride

47
Q

protein that creates white foam on horses

A

latherin: glycoprotein detergent that helps sweat ‘stick’ to the coat so it can absorb the most heat

48
Q

in cases of high humidity where sweat doesn’t evaporate fast enough it can result in

A

large fluid and electrolyte losses; limited cooling benefit

sweat is scraped off in theses cases

49
Q

effects of conditioning on thermoregulation

A

increased heat production
more effective heat dissipation
lower sweating threshold
increase in plasma volume

50
Q

heat index is measured by

A

temperature + humidity (%)

51
Q

repeated bouts of exercise (that is gradually modified over time) over a period of weeks or months

A

conditioning

52
Q

conditioning is designed to

A

induce physiological and structual adaptations

53
Q

physiological changes in response to conditioning

A

HR, ability to sweat, etc

54
Q

structural changes in response to conditioning

A

size/shape of muscle, bone density, soft tissue, etc.

55
Q

goals for a conditioning program

A

increase capacity to perform a particular type of work;
EX. delay onset of fatigue; improve overall performance (skill, strength, speed, endurance); minimize the potential for injury

56
Q

two main components for preparing for athletic performance

A

conditioning (maximize performance & maintain soundness) and schooling (motor control & mental discipline)

57
Q

response to exercise

A

increased HR, redistribution of blood flow, increased resp. rate, increased tidal volume, increased core body temp

58
Q

response to conditioning

A

increase muscle size; able to do certain level of work at decreased HR; stroke volume increases

59
Q

short term physiological responses to conditioning

A

stress to tissues; depletion of substrates; metabolic wastes; “damage” to muscle fibers, tendons, ligaments; sweat losses

body recuperates in between: strengthens tissues, requires sufficient time btwn exercise bouts

60
Q

long term physiological responses to conditioning

A

adaptation to exercise
rate of adaptation depends on tissues (cardiovascular/muscles: a few weeks & supporting structures such as hoof, bone, cartilage, etc much slower, many months)

goal: condition all body systems w/o causing any of them to fail

61
Q

3 Hows of workload

A
  1. Intensity: how much energy is used (HR, speed, Vo2, weight, slope)
  2. duration: how long is the exercise? (long at low/med intensity improves stamina short @ high intensity improves speed)
  3. Frequency: How often is the exercise at this ‘level’ occurring? (conditioning vs. maintenance workouts
62
Q

progressive loading

A

gradual increase in workload

63
Q

overloading

A

too much stress will lead to a breakdown of the ‘weakest link’

64
Q

3 key types of conditioning

A
  1. cardiovascular conditioning
  2. strength conditioning
  3. suppling
65
Q

improves the ability of the body to produce energy

how ATP gets made

A

cardiovascular conditioning

66
Q

improve strength, power or endurance of specific muscle groups

A

strength conditioning

67
Q

increase range of motion around certain joints

A

suppling

68
Q

maintain constant intensity over a long period of time

A

continuous training

69
Q

intersperses bouts of intense exercise with partial recovery rest periods

A

interval training

70
Q

2 types of interval training

A

aerobic and anaerobic

71
Q

aerobic interval training

A

longer, lower intensity intervals

72
Q

anaerobic interval training

A

shorter, higher intensity intervals

73
Q

why are rest periods generally at trot?

A

b/c keeps blood flowing to muscles which keeps lactic acid out

74
Q

strength training

A

improve the strength, power or endurance of muscles; ensures joint stability, prevents muscle fatigue related injuries; initial improvements in performance: neuromuscular coordination; focuses on building muscle; nerous system better at triggering muscles to do the work

75
Q

ways to increase the force of muscle contration

A 
hill work
higher jumps 
more impulsion
deeper footing
carry more weight
76
Q

grradual inclines

A

add intensity in aerobic conditioning programs; improve balance; begin strengthening

77
Q

steep uphill gradients

A

develop hindquarter strength

78
Q

downhill gradients

A

help with collection work

79
Q

working across a gradient

A

strenghthen a weak side

80
Q

suppling exercises

A

increase range of motion; reduce tension and resistance in muscles; helps horse move more easily and more athletically; ex. stretching limbs, bending head/neck, lateral work, circles

81
Q

4 components of a daily workout

A

warm up
work
warm down
cool out

82
Q

warm up

A

low intensity gradual increase; get cardio system up and running (splenic contraction)

83
Q

work out

A

conditioning session

84
Q

cooling out

A

put horse away cool and dry

85
Q

cardiovascular changes to conditioning effects lasting

A

minimal decline in the first month of ‘rest’

after the first month off, each subsequent month requires a month of reconditioning

86
Q

strength changes to conditioning effects lasting

A

maintained longer than cardiovascular changes

1 workout session per week is sufficient to maintain

Equine Production (3 decks)

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