exercise that can be sustained by the aerobic production of energy (ATP) - requires O2 - low intensity; can be maintained for long time periods

cannot be sustained by the aerobic production of ATP - ATP cannot be made fast enough using aerobic pathways; alternate pathways needed - high intensity, shorter duration

Exam 1 Material Flashcards by julie collette

The physiological changes that occur during a single bout of exercise are referred to as the _________ response; whereas, those that occur in response to repeated bouts of exercise are termed __________ responses.

Acute; Chronic

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In the skeletal muscle myofilaments, which of the following components binds to the calcium ions?

troponin (thin filament)

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Muscle contraction requires what 3 things?

ATP; acetylcholine; and calcium

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What metabolic pathway results in the largest net yield of ATP?

aerobic metabolism of 1 molecule of fat

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storage form of glucose

glycogen

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reasons horses are good athletes

high % bw is muscle
a lot of intramuscular fat that can be used as energy
thermoreg. good sweaters
long muscles - can get shorter muscle contractions
can double the amt of RBC when exercising and use when needed - spleen releases RBC

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the nucleotide at one part of the myostatin gene that seems to be associated with speed in thoroughbreds

C nucleotide: speed

T nucleotide: stamina

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“learning process”; change in behavior or performance; i.e. how to go in and out of start gate

training

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physical changes, adaptive responses, fitness

conditioning

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aerobic exercise

exercise that can be sustained by the aerobic production of energy (ATP)

requires O2
low intensity; can be maintained for long time periods

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anaerobic exercise

cannot be sustained by the aerobic production of ATP

ATP cannot be made fast enough using aerobic pathways; alternate pathways needed
high intensity, shorter duration

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characteristics of endurance activities

over 2 hrs
low intensity
primarily aerobic
ex. trail riding, ranch horses, endurance racing

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characteristics of middle distance activities

more than ~2 miles
a few minutes in length
high exertion
aerobic and anaerobic 
ex. thoroughbred racing with jumps; cross country phase of 3 day eventing

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characteristics of spring activities

less than ~1 min
max intensity
anaerobic metabolism
ex. barrel racing; heavy horse pull

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allows for a variety of timed measurements/samples to be taken during and immediately following exercise

treadmills

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monitoring levels of exertion

HR; temp; resp. gasses; blood variables - LACTATE: production is low until a certain threshold is reached, after which increased speed = increased lactate; as horse gets more fit curve shifts to the right
look at chart

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Aerobic pathways of ATP synthesis

OXYGEN REQUIRING

Krebs (citric acid) cycle
electron transport
oxidative phosphorylation

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Anaerobic pathways of ATP synthesis

NOT oxygen requiring

Lactic acid production
creatine phosphate

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what are the 3 types of muscle

Striated: skeletal muscle; VOLUNTARY CONTROL
Smooth: blood vessels, GI tract; autonomic control
Cardiac: heart; autonomic control

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3 properties of muscle

Strength (how much): amt of force that can be produced in a single maximal effort
-work=force*distance

Power (how fast): the rate that force is generated
-power=work/time

Endurance (how long): ability to perform repeated, sub maximal contractions before fatiguing

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sarcolemma

plasma membrane

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t-tubules

“dips” into the membrane

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

calcium storage; surrounds myofibrils

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myofibrils are made up of

myofilaments (proteins) called actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)

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____ attaches to troponin and changes thin filaments configuration so that it can interact with thick filament

calcium

Steps of muscle contraction

1. Neural stimulus: acetylcholine 2. Muscle fiber activation 3. Ca2+ release: sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium 4. calcium binds to the thin filament troponin 5. thick filament hydrolyzes ATP 6. Cross bridge formation of the 2 myofilameents 7. release P 8. myosin head flexes so that the thick filament is pulled towards the z lines, and the thin filament is pulled towards the M line = SHORTER sarcomere = MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Surrounds entire muscle group

epimysium

separates groups of muscle fibers within the same bundle

perimysium

contains myofibrils

endomysium

decrease joint angle, on the inside of the joint

flexors

outside of the joint; increase joint angle

extensor

a cycle of contraction and relaxation

twitch

What are the 3 muscle fiber types

type 1 = slow oxidative type 2A = fast oxidative glycolytic type 2x = fast glycolytic

muscle fiber type that relies primarily on aerobic metabolism; lots of mitochondria; higher fat content; good blood supply; contract relatively slowly; endurance activities

slow twitch oxidative - type 1 fiber

muscle fiber type that relies primarily on anaerobic metabolism; fewer mitochondria; good glycogen stores; poor blood supply; larger diameter; more powerful contraction; fatigue mroe readiily; sprint, strength activities (show jumper)

fast twitch glycolytic - type 2X (2B)

muscle fiber type that has a capacity for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism = intermediate; well suited for many types of activities

fast twitch oxidative/glycolytic - type 2A

motor neuron

all neurons that receive input form the same neuron will contract simultaneously

horse feeds are low in

sodium - which is why we use salt block

forage is a good source of

potassium

deliver messages from the brian to the muscle

motor neurons

motor neurons for most muscles originate from the

spinal cord

a neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

motor unit

muscle motor unit contracts either

all or nothing

amount of distance that can be covered in a certain period of time

speed

ways horses can increase their speed

gait stride frequency stride length

coordinates different muscle groups to change gaits

nerve activity

as speed/intensity increases, the numbers of motor units recruited

increases

inability for the muscle fiber to contract

fatigue

consequence of decrease muscle pH

muscle proteins change shape

glycogen depletion is most common in

prolonged, low intensity exercise

lactate accumulation occurs during

intense, strenuous exercise

how long does it take for lactate levels to return to normal pose -exercise

3 hrs | can be altered based on 'pace' of cool down

glycogen stores may take up to _____ to replete

72 hours

response of muscle to conditioning when the muscle gets bigger

hypertrophy | accumulation of muscle protein ---> greater muscle strength

response of muscle to conditioning when muscle properties change

remodling enzymes, fiber types, fuel use ---> muscles more efficient at performing exercise goal is to make muscle better at its type of exercise

effects of conditioning on muscle

change in fiber size changes in enzyme expression - more aerobic or anaerobic enzymes change in # of mitochondria changes in fuel use - ability to use glycogen/glucose vs. fat improved buffering capacity (ability to deal with lactate

key conditioning effects of aerobic training

``` 2A fibers display more oxidative characteristics more mitochondria more oxidative enzymes increased capillarity greater fat use, glycogen sparing ```

key conditioning effects of anaerobic training

increased diameter of type 2 fibers - increased force of contraction more glycolytic enzymes improved buffering capacity of lactate --> neutralizes lactic acid

small amounts of muscle damage after exercise are beneficial because

it encourages muscle protein synthesis

4 categories of muscle disorders

*muscle damage muscle atrophy - losing muscle abnormal muscle twitching muscle weakness and exercise intolerance

syndrome of muscle pain and cramping - also known as tying up

rhabdomyolysis muscle fiber contents released into the bloodstream red/rusty urine b/c myoglobin is coming out in the urine

symptoms of thabdomyolysis

stiff movement, firm/painful muscles, excessive sweating, rapid hr, muscle tremors, red urine

potential causes of sporadic ER (episode of rhabdomyolysis)

level of activity exceeds level of fitness exercise in very hot weather strenuous exercise following resp. illness

best management method of preventing sporadic ER

prevention

chronic rhadomyolysis aka

polysaccharide storage myopathy PSSM type 1 - abnormal glycogen storage; muscles show numerous and deep vacuoles; genetic testing available type 2 - abnormal glycogen storage; no test available

managing PSSM

provide regular turnout - constantly moving so they use glucose before its stored as glycogen dietary interventions exercise

muscle overstimulated by the amount of calcium that comes in

recurring exertional rhabdomyolysis stress induced over sensitivity to stimuli that cause calcium release

important nutrients to consider for horses

energy; protein; minerals; vitamins

factors taht may differ btwn classifications and affect requriements

intensity of exercise; duration; recovery time; sweat losses; anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism

classifications of physical activity

light; moderate; heavy; very heavy

VFA's come from

fiber

the 3 main VFA's

acetate; butyrate; propionate

forage provides

vfa's

concentrates (sugars and starches) provide

glucose

lipids (fats) provide

fatty acids

proteins provide

amino acids

protein requirements over maintenance

10-60% increase

protein is not as desirable as an energy source because

it is lost in sweat

why do horses need water

sweating dissipates heat - loses 6.5-9 L per h at endurance racing speeds limited ability to store water

electrolytes

Na+; K+; Cl-

physiological roles of electrolytes

nutrient transport; nerve transmission; fluid and acid/base balance; gastric secretions major ions lost in sweat

starches need to be fed in

small frequent meals

least desirable dietary nutrient to use an an energy source

amino acids

the term ____ refers to a neuron and all of the muscle fibers that is innervates

motor unit

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

(84 cards)