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Equine Production > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

The physiological changes that occur during a single bout of exercise are referred to as the _________ response; whereas, those that occur in response to repeated bouts of exercise are termed __________ responses.

A

Acute; Chronic

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2
Q

In the skeletal muscle myofilaments, which of the following components binds to the calcium ions?

A

troponin (thin filament)

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3
Q

Muscle contraction requires what 3 things?

A

ATP; acetylcholine; and calcium

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4
Q

What metabolic pathway results in the largest net yield of ATP?

A

aerobic metabolism of 1 molecule of fat

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5
Q

storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

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6
Q

reasons horses are good athletes

A

high % bw is muscle
a lot of intramuscular fat that can be used as energy
thermoreg. good sweaters
long muscles - can get shorter muscle contractions
can double the amt of RBC when exercising and use when needed - spleen releases RBC

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7
Q

the nucleotide at one part of the myostatin gene that seems to be associated with speed in thoroughbreds

A

C nucleotide: speed

T nucleotide: stamina

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8
Q

“learning process”; change in behavior or performance; i.e. how to go in and out of start gate

A

training

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9
Q

physical changes, adaptive responses, fitness

A

conditioning

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10
Q

aerobic exercise

A

exercise that can be sustained by the aerobic production of energy (ATP)

  • requires O2
  • low intensity; can be maintained for long time periods
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11
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

cannot be sustained by the aerobic production of ATP

  • ATP cannot be made fast enough using aerobic pathways; alternate pathways needed
  • high intensity, shorter duration
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12
Q

characteristics of endurance activities

A

over 2 hrs
low intensity
primarily aerobic
ex. trail riding, ranch horses, endurance racing

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13
Q

characteristics of middle distance activities

A 
more than ~2 miles
a few minutes in length
high exertion
aerobic and anaerobic 
ex. thoroughbred racing with jumps; cross country phase of 3 day eventing
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14
Q

characteristics of spring activities

A

less than ~1 min
max intensity
anaerobic metabolism
ex. barrel racing; heavy horse pull

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15
Q

allows for a variety of timed measurements/samples to be taken during and immediately following exercise

A

treadmills

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16
Q

monitoring levels of exertion

A

HR; temp; resp. gasses; blood variables - LACTATE: production is low until a certain threshold is reached, after which increased speed = increased lactate; as horse gets more fit curve shifts to the right
look at chart

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17
Q

Aerobic pathways of ATP synthesis

A

OXYGEN REQUIRING

Krebs (citric acid) cycle
electron transport
oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Anaerobic pathways of ATP synthesis

A

NOT oxygen requiring

Lactic acid production
creatine phosphate

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

Striated: skeletal muscle; VOLUNTARY CONTROL
Smooth: blood vessels, GI tract; autonomic control
Cardiac: heart; autonomic control

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20
Q

3 properties of muscle

A

Strength (how much): amt of force that can be produced in a single maximal effort
-work=force*distance

Power (how fast): the rate that force is generated
-power=work/time

Endurance (how long): ability to perform repeated, sub maximal contractions before fatiguing

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21
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

t-tubules

A

“dips” into the membrane

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23
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium storage; surrounds myofibrils

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24
Q

myofibrils are made up of

A

myofilaments (proteins) called actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)

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25
Q

____ attaches to troponin and changes thin filaments configuration so that it can interact with thick filament

A

calcium

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26
Q

Steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. Neural stimulus: acetylcholine
  2. Muscle fiber activation
  3. Ca2+ release: sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
  4. calcium binds to the thin filament troponin
  5. thick filament hydrolyzes ATP
  6. Cross bridge formation of the 2 myofilameents
  7. release P
  8. myosin head flexes so that the thick filament is pulled towards the z lines, and the thin filament is pulled towards the M line = SHORTER sarcomere = MUSCLE CONTRACTION
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27
Q

Surrounds entire muscle group

A

epimysium

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28
Q

separates groups of muscle fibers within the same bundle

A

perimysium

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29
Q

contains myofibrils

A

endomysium

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30
Q

decrease joint angle, on the inside of the joint

A

flexors

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31
Q

outside of the joint; increase joint angle

A

extensor

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32
Q

a cycle of contraction and relaxation

A

twitch

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33
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber types

A

type 1 = slow oxidative
type 2A = fast oxidative glycolytic
type 2x = fast glycolytic

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34
Q

muscle fiber type that relies primarily on aerobic metabolism; lots of mitochondria; higher fat content; good blood supply; contract relatively slowly; endurance activities

A

slow twitch oxidative - type 1 fiber

35
Q

muscle fiber type that relies primarily on anaerobic metabolism; fewer mitochondria; good glycogen stores; poor blood supply; larger diameter; more powerful contraction; fatigue mroe readiily; sprint, strength activities (show jumper)

A

fast twitch glycolytic - type 2X (2B)

36
Q

muscle fiber type that has a capacity for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism = intermediate; well suited for many types of activities

A

fast twitch oxidative/glycolytic - type 2A

37
Q

motor neuron

A

all neurons that receive input form the same neuron will contract simultaneously

38
Q

horse feeds are low in

A

sodium - which is why we use salt block

39
Q

forage is a good source of

A

potassium

40
Q

deliver messages from the brian to the muscle

A

motor neurons

41
Q

motor neurons for most muscles originate from the

A

spinal cord

42
Q

a neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

A

motor unit

43
Q

muscle motor unit contracts either

A

all or nothing

44
Q

amount of distance that can be covered in a certain period of time

A

speed

45
Q

ways horses can increase their speed

A

gait
stride frequency
stride length

46
Q

coordinates different muscle groups to change gaits

A

nerve activity

47
Q

as speed/intensity increases, the numbers of motor units recruited

A

increases

48
Q

inability for the muscle fiber to contract

A

fatigue

49
Q

consequence of decrease muscle pH

A

muscle proteins change shape

50
Q

glycogen depletion is most common in

A

prolonged, low intensity exercise

51
Q

lactate accumulation occurs during

A

intense, strenuous exercise

52
Q

how long does it take for lactate levels to return to normal pose -exercise

A

3 hrs

can be altered based on ‘pace’ of cool down

53
Q

glycogen stores may take up to _____ to replete

A

72 hours

54
Q

response of muscle to conditioning when the muscle gets bigger

A

hypertrophy

accumulation of muscle protein —> greater muscle strength

55
Q

response of muscle to conditioning when muscle properties change

A

remodling
enzymes, fiber types, fuel use —> muscles more efficient at performing exercise

goal is to make muscle better at its type of exercise

56
Q

effects of conditioning on muscle

A

change in fiber size

changes in enzyme expression - more aerobic or anaerobic enzymes

change in # of mitochondria

changes in fuel use - ability to use glycogen/glucose vs. fat

improved buffering capacity (ability to deal with lactate

57
Q

key conditioning effects of aerobic training

A 
2A fibers display more oxidative characteristics
more mitochondria
more oxidative enzymes
increased capillarity
greater fat use, glycogen sparing
58
Q

key conditioning effects of anaerobic training

A

increased diameter of type 2 fibers - increased force of contraction
more glycolytic enzymes
improved buffering capacity of lactate –> neutralizes lactic acid

59
Q

small amounts of muscle damage after exercise are beneficial because

A

it encourages muscle protein synthesis

60
Q

4 categories of muscle disorders

A

*muscle damage
muscle atrophy - losing muscle
abnormal muscle twitching
muscle weakness and exercise intolerance

61
Q

syndrome of muscle pain and cramping - also known as tying up

A

rhabdomyolysis
muscle fiber contents released into the bloodstream
red/rusty urine b/c myoglobin is coming out in the urine

62
Q

symptoms of thabdomyolysis

A

stiff movement, firm/painful muscles, excessive sweating, rapid hr, muscle tremors, red urine

63
Q

potential causes of sporadic ER (episode of rhabdomyolysis)

A

level of activity exceeds level of fitness
exercise in very hot weather
strenuous exercise following resp. illness

64
Q

best management method of preventing sporadic ER

A

prevention

65
Q

chronic rhadomyolysis aka

A

polysaccharide storage myopathy PSSM
type 1 - abnormal glycogen storage; muscles show numerous and deep vacuoles; genetic testing available
type 2 - abnormal glycogen storage; no test available

66
Q

managing PSSM

A

provide regular turnout - constantly moving so they use glucose before its stored as glycogen

dietary interventions

exercise

67
Q

muscle overstimulated by the amount of calcium that comes in

A

recurring exertional rhabdomyolysis
stress induced
over sensitivity to stimuli that cause calcium release

68
Q

important nutrients to consider for horses

A

energy; protein; minerals; vitamins

69
Q

factors taht may differ btwn classifications and affect requriements

A

intensity of exercise; duration; recovery time; sweat losses; anaerobic vs. aerobic metabolism

70
Q

classifications of physical activity

A

light; moderate; heavy; very heavy

71
Q

VFA’s come from

A

fiber

72
Q

the 3 main VFA’s

A

acetate; butyrate; propionate

73
Q

forage provides

A

vfa’s

74
Q

concentrates (sugars and starches) provide

A

glucose

75
Q

lipids (fats) provide

A

fatty acids

76
Q

proteins provide

A

amino acids

77
Q

protein requirements over maintenance

A

10-60% increase

78
Q

protein is not as desirable as an energy source because

A

it is lost in sweat

79
Q

why do horses need water

A

sweating dissipates heat - loses 6.5-9 L per h at endurance racing speeds
limited ability to store water

80
Q

electrolytes

A

Na+; K+; Cl-

81
Q

physiological roles of electrolytes

A

nutrient transport; nerve transmission; fluid and acid/base balance; gastric secretions

major ions lost in sweat

82
Q

starches need to be fed in

A

small frequent meals

83
Q

least desirable dietary nutrient to use an an energy source

A

amino acids

84
Q

the term ____ refers to a neuron and all of the muscle fibers that is innervates

A

motor unit

Equine Production (3 decks)

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