Exam 2 Material

Question 1

For Korr, the coordinator of facilitation is:

Answer 1

the muscle spindle

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the experiment in the article on Z-joint adhesions?

A) Large adhesions were found only in the fixed joint groups at weeks 8, 12, and 16
B) Adhesions were formed primarily of connective tissue
C) Small adhesions were found in z joints of both control and fixed groups
D) Spinal manipulation to the fixed segments broke up the adhesions

Answer 2

A, B, and C are true
D is not true

Question 3

Which VSC phase is recognized by lessened mobility of a joint, altered pressure threshold to pain and signs of neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction?

Answer 3

VSC phase 1

Question 4

Moderate degenerative changes such as the nucleus bulging into the annulus and damage to the inferior end-plates are associated with grade ___ disc degeneration

Answer 4

3

Question 5

Which model describes sustained contraction and myofascial trigger points leading to a depletion of ATO and an inability to reset the muscle spindle leading to muscle contracture?

Answer 5

Gatterman-Goe

Question 6

A primary contribution to loss of disc height in degeneration is due to progressive ___

Answer 6

inhibition

Question 7

Type ___ receptors respond to muscle tension and low levels of force during active muscle contraction

Answer 7

1b

Question 8

The ___ hypothesis/model is associated with severe or repeated trauma leading to scarring

Answer 8

instability

Question 9

According to the article on Nimmo technique, following treatment changes were found in which of the following?

A) VAS
B) Thickness
C) Strength
D) Elasticity

Answer 9

Changes found in A, B, and D

Question 10

Evans postulated that the spine will assume a position of minimum internal energy when…

Answer 10

mechanical equilibrium is achieved

Question 11

According to Dvorak, postural muscles have more ___ fibers and ___ in response to SDF and overuse

Answer 11

more slow twitch fibers and shorten in response to SDF and overuse

Question 12

A lowered threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions describes ___

Answer 12

segmental facilitation

Question 13

Receptor tonus theory is associated with ___

Answer 13

Nimmo

Question 14

Hadley demonstrated significant damage to the cervical spine following ___

Answer 14

motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)

Question 15

Which of the following are characteristics of segmental dysfunction?

A) Myelopathy
B) Lessened mobility
C) Altered threshold to pain
D) Muscular dysfunction

Answer 15

B, C, and D are characteristics of segmental dysfunction

Question 16

Ligamentum flavum is part of the ___ joint

Answer 16

posterior

Question 17

___ can result in symptoms in all of the extremities as well as bowel and bladder dysfunction

Answer 17

Myelopathy

Question 18

Destruction of cord tissue usually from pressure by neoplasms, hematomas, other masses, or severe space restriction from degenerative changes such as stenosis describes ___

Answer 18

myelopathy

Question 19

What characterizes VSC phase 2?

Answer 19

Instability

Question 20

___ is found in 76% of all cervical spine injuries from MVAs (motor vehicle accidents)

Answer 20

Hypolordosis

Question 21

___ demonstrated that 1kg of pressure applied to the spinous process of facilitated segments resulted in hyperexcitability of the spinalis muscles

Answer 21

Denslow

Question 22

A ___ refers to cord facilitation that remains after joint motion is restored

Answer 22

neural scar

Question 23

Segmental facilitation is associated with ___

Answer 23

central sensitization

Question 24

The ___ model proposes that a trigger point initiates self-perpetuating segmental dysfunction and facilitation

Answer 24

Gatterman-Goe

Question 25

Which receptor type responds primarily to stretch?

Answer 25

Muscle spindle

Question 26

Muscle stiffness is regulated by:

Answer 26

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Question 27

The concept of spinal learning is associated with which model?

Answer 27

Patterson-Steinmetz

Question 28

Spindles and golgi tendon organs act together to regulate muscle stiffness, …

Answer 28

muscle tension change, and muscle length change

Question 29

___ is described as central nervous system regulation of background activity in the fusimotor (the v motor neuron) system

Answer 29

Gamma gain

Question 30

Acute locked back may be associated with the presence of ___

Answer 30

z joint meniscoids

Question 31

In the Korr model, adjustments may be effective because forceful stretching of muscles would reduce ___

Answer 31

gamma gain

Question 32

In the article on high grade spondylolisthesis at L5, what treatments were included?

Answer 32

• Stabilization exercises
• Soft tissue techniques
• Thoracic spinal manipulation

(not flexion distraction)

Question 33

Disruption of both end-plates, internal collapse of annulus, and reduction of disc height are associated with grade ___ disc degeneration

Answer 33

4

Question 34

The minimal hypothesis unified which two theories?

Answer 34

Joint fixation and Receptor tonus

Question 35

___ have been observed to be affected first in spinal cord compression

Answer 35

Dorsal columns

Question 36

The Patterson Steinmetz model proposes that…

Answer 36

the spinal cord can learn even when the influence of the brain is removed

Question 37

With instability due to high grade spondylolisthesis, which symptom would require immediate surgical referral?

Answer 37

Bowel and bladder dysfunction

Question 38

Maigne proposed that damage to the ___ could affect spinal nerves

Answer 38

posterior joints

Question 39

The mechanism of increased joint capsule tension leading to decreased mechanoreceptor activity and increased nociceptor activity is directly associated with ___

Answer 39

pain-spasm-pain cycle

Question 40

Which nerve fibers are small and unmyelinated?

Answer 40

C