Exam 2 Material Flashcards
For Korr, the coordinator of facilitation is:
the muscle spindle
Which of the following is true of the experiment in the article on Z-joint adhesions?
A) Large adhesions were found only in the fixed joint groups at weeks 8, 12, and 16
B) Adhesions were formed primarily of connective tissue
C) Small adhesions were found in z joints of both control and fixed groups
D) Spinal manipulation to the fixed segments broke up the adhesions
A, B, and C are true
D is not true
Which VSC phase is recognized by lessened mobility of a joint, altered pressure threshold to pain and signs of neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction?
VSC phase 1
Moderate degenerative changes such as the nucleus bulging into the annulus and damage to the inferior end-plates are associated with grade ___ disc degeneration
3
Which model describes sustained contraction and myofascial trigger points leading to a depletion of ATO and an inability to reset the muscle spindle leading to muscle contracture?
Gatterman-Goe
A primary contribution to loss of disc height in degeneration is due to progressive ___
inhibition
Type ___ receptors respond to muscle tension and low levels of force during active muscle contraction
1b
The ___ hypothesis/model is associated with severe or repeated trauma leading to scarring
instability
According to the article on Nimmo technique, following treatment changes were found in which of the following?
A) VAS
B) Thickness
C) Strength
D) Elasticity
Changes found in A, B, and D
Evans postulated that the spine will assume a position of minimum internal energy when…
mechanical equilibrium is achieved
According to Dvorak, postural muscles have more ___ fibers and ___ in response to SDF and overuse
more slow twitch fibers and shorten in response to SDF and overuse
A lowered threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions describes ___
segmental facilitation
Receptor tonus theory is associated with ___
Nimmo
Hadley demonstrated significant damage to the cervical spine following ___
motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)
Which of the following are characteristics of segmental dysfunction?
A) Myelopathy
B) Lessened mobility
C) Altered threshold to pain
D) Muscular dysfunction
B, C, and D are characteristics of segmental dysfunction
Ligamentum flavum is part of the ___ joint
posterior
___ can result in symptoms in all of the extremities as well as bowel and bladder dysfunction
Myelopathy
Destruction of cord tissue usually from pressure by neoplasms, hematomas, other masses, or severe space restriction from degenerative changes such as stenosis describes ___
myelopathy
What characterizes VSC phase 2?
Instability
___ is found in 76% of all cervical spine injuries from MVAs (motor vehicle accidents)
Hypolordosis
___ demonstrated that 1kg of pressure applied to the spinous process of facilitated segments resulted in hyperexcitability of the spinalis muscles
Denslow
A ___ refers to cord facilitation that remains after joint motion is restored
neural scar
Segmental facilitation is associated with ___
central sensitization
The ___ model proposes that a trigger point initiates self-perpetuating segmental dysfunction and facilitation
Gatterman-Goe
Which receptor type responds primarily to stretch?
Muscle spindle
Muscle stiffness is regulated by:
muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
The concept of spinal learning is associated with which model?
Patterson-Steinmetz
Spindles and golgi tendon organs act together to regulate muscle stiffness, …
muscle tension change, and muscle length change
___ is described as central nervous system regulation of background activity in the fusimotor (the v motor neuron) system
Gamma gain
Acute locked back may be associated with the presence of ___
z joint meniscoids
In the Korr model, adjustments may be effective because forceful stretching of muscles would reduce ___
gamma gain
In the article on high grade spondylolisthesis at L5, what treatments were included?
- Stabilization exercises
- Soft tissue techniques
- Thoracic spinal manipulation
(not flexion distraction)
Disruption of both end-plates, internal collapse of annulus, and reduction of disc height are associated with grade ___ disc degeneration
4
The minimal hypothesis unified which two theories?
Joint fixation and Receptor tonus
___ have been observed to be affected first in spinal cord compression
Dorsal columns
The Patterson Steinmetz model proposes that…
the spinal cord can learn even when the influence of the brain is removed
With instability due to high grade spondylolisthesis, which symptom would require immediate surgical referral?
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
Maigne proposed that damage to the ___ could affect spinal nerves
posterior joints
The mechanism of increased joint capsule tension leading to decreased mechanoreceptor activity and increased nociceptor activity is directly associated with ___
pain-spasm-pain cycle
Which nerve fibers are small and unmyelinated?
C
