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Biology > Exam 2 (Lectures6-9) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Lectures6-9) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Membranes have

A

selective permeability(some substances pass but not all

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2
Q

Passive transport. energy or no energy?

A

no outside energy required

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

process of random movement toward equilibrium from high concentration to low

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4
Q

Equilibrium

A

particles continue to move but there is no net change in distribution

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5
Q

permeable;impermeable

A

can cross easily; cannot cross

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6
Q

Simple diffusion

A

hydrophobic molecules easily pass through the lipid bilayer

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7
Q

membrane permeable?
water, sodium, chloride, glucose, amino acid, protein, cholesterol

A

yes but slow, no cause charge, no cause charged, no is hydrophilic, no cause charge, no, yes cause it is hydrophobic

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8
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across membranes. high water concentration to low water

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9
Q

osmosis depends on the

A

number of solute particles not the type of particles

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10
Q

osmosis solution types

A

isotonic:equal solute concentration
hypertonic solution: higher solute concentration
hypotonic solution: lower solute concentration

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11
Q

rate and direction of ion movement through channels depends on the

A

concentration gradient and the distribution of electrical charge

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12
Q

voltage-gated channels depend on what

A

the charge

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13
Q

active transport

A

movement of substances across the membrane against a concentration and/or electrical gradient. energy required

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14
Q

primary active transport

A

requires direct hydrolysis

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15
Q

secondary active transport

A

energy comes from an ion concentration gradient that is established by primary active transport

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16
Q

the sodium-potassium pump is an example of

A

primary active transport

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17
Q

secondary active transport

A

aids in uptake of amino acids and sugars
involves symports (same direction) and antiports(opposite direction)

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18
Q

Cell theory

A

cells are the fundamental units of life
all organisms are composed of cells
all cells come from prexsisting cells

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19
Q

most cells are small. exceptions:

A

bird eggs,neurons,some algae and bacteria

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20
Q

how much larger are eukaryotic cells than prokaryotic cells

A

10x

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21
Q

why are cells small

A

they need a high surface area to volume ratio
volume determines the amount of chemical activity in the cell per unit time
surface area determines the amount of substances that can pass the cell boundary per unit time

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22
Q

all cells are surrounded by a membrane

A

plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

plasma membrane functions

A

allows cells to maintain constant internal enviroment
is a selectively permeable barrier
is important to communicate and receive signals

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24
Q

types of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

25
Q

flagella in eukaryotes

A

sperm and algae

26
Q

characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol
DNA is contained in nucleoid
ribosomes-site of protein synthesis
have a rigid cell wall outside plasma membrane
bacteria have a slimy capsule of polysaccharides

27
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

membrane enclosed compartments calle dorganelles

28
Q

What techniques have been studied on organelles

A

microscopy and cell fractionation

29
Q

how mRNA ribosome travels in eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm to rer to golgi apparatus to plasma membrane then leaves the cell(exocytosis)

30
Q

how protein travels in eukaryotic cells

A

leaves mRNA then could go to organelles or the cytosol.
organelles: goes to nucleus
cytosol: either peroxisomes, mitochondria, or chloroplasts

31
Q

protein to the rer

A

a. signal recognition particle binds to a signal sequence in the amino-terminal end of the growing polypeptide and halts translation
b. srp binds to the srp receptor on the er membrane
c. the srp receptor brings the ribosme to a transmembrane channel
d. the protein ends up in the lumen of the er, where it could go to another organelle or go out of the cell

32
Q

cellular respiration is

A

energy in fuel molecules is transformed into binds of energy-rich atp

33
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

explains how eukaryotes could evolve from prokaryotes: cells engulf other cells that became mitochondria and chloroplast

34
Q

deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS

A

change of free energy equals change of enthalpy minus temperature times change of entropy

35
Q

negative deltaG

A

free energy is spontaneous reaction (exergonic)

36
Q

positive deltaG

A

free energy is not spontaneous (endergonic)

37
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reactants release a great amount of enrgy to the products. negative deltaG
cell respiration
catabolism

38
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reactants have a great amount of energy required to reach the products. positive deltaG
active transport
cell movement
anabolism

39
Q

exergonic and endergonic reactions are

A

coupled reactions

40
Q

ATP in coupled reactions

A

ATP is often but not always involved in coupled reactions

41
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy required to start a reaction
larger the Ea the slower the reaction

42
Q

how does an enzyme accelerate the reaction

A

by reducing the Ea

43
Q

deltaG in chemical reactions

A

deltaG is the same with and without an enzyme

44
Q

uncatalyzed reaction;catalyzed reaction

A

without enzyme;with enzyme

45
Q

how do enzymes lower the energy barrier

A

by bringing the reactants togther

46
Q

catalyzed reactions reach a maximum rate faster with an enzyme or without an enzyme

A

with an enzyme

47
Q

the major metabolic pathways are

A
  1. glycolysis,2.pyruvate,3.krebs cycle(cac), 4. electron transport chain
48
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is converted to pyruvate, ATP and electron carriers

49
Q

pyruvate and krebs cycle (cac)

A

convert pyrivate into CO2,ATP and electron carriers

50
Q

electron transport chain

A

converts electron carriers and O2 into ATP and H2O

51
Q

external to mitochondrion

A

glycolysis and fermentation

52
Q

inside mitochondrion

A

inner membrane-electron transport chain
matrix- citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation

53
Q

Glycolysis outputs

A

2 ATP and 2NADH

54
Q

inputs

A

glucose, nad+,adp+, phosphate

55
Q

outputs

A

2nadh
2atp
2 pyruvate

56
Q

pyruvate oxidation outputs

A

CO2 and nadh

57
Q

citric acid outputs

A

CO2 reduced electron carriers(nadh and fadh2) and atp

58
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

flow of electrons release energy
energy used to pump protons
concentration gradient used to make atp

59
Q

isozymes are

A

enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different properties such as optimal temperature

Biology (7 decks)

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