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BIO 110 > Exam #2 (Lectures #7-12) > Flashcards

Exam #2 (Lectures #7-12) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A
  • Complexity and organization
    -Responds to the environment (homeostasis)
  • Growth and metabolism
  • Reproduction/heredity
  • Evolve
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2
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

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5
Q

What does cell volume represent?

A

DEMAND
Lots of metabolism occurring
(greater volume=greater demand)

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6
Q

What does cell surface area represent?

A

SUPPLY
Everything that enters/exits the cell must go through its surface area

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7
Q

What must occur for a cell to survive?

A

SUPPLY > or = DEMAND

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8
Q

What happens to cell volume as cell size increases?

A

As cell size increases, cell volume (demand) increases faster than cell surface area (supply)
(linear relationship)

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9
Q

Why do cell stay small?

A

Remaining small allows cells to maintain a workable surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

What are the two domains of Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria (also called eubacteria)
Archaea (extremophiles)

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11
Q

Why are Archaea called extremophiles?

A

They live in extreme environments

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12
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells the dominant forms of life in?

A

Biomass

Diversity

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13
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells different from Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells have
- no nucleus
- no internal membrane system
- a cell wall

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14
Q

Where is DNA located in Prokaryotic cells?

A

the nucleoid

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15
Q

Cell wall (in Prokaryotic cells)

A

A protective outer barrier composed of peptidoglycans

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16
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells similar to Eukaryotic cells?

A

Both cells have
- an outer plasma membrane (Phospholipid bilayer)
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes

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17
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

outer plasma membrane in Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-solid substance that contains all of the cells internal components

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

The universal organelle, responsible for synthesizing proteins

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20
Q

What is the distinctive feature of Eukaryotic cells?

A

internal compartmentalization
- Possible because of an internal membrane system

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21
Q

What are the internal compartments called?

A

organelles

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22
Q

Which type of organelles are NOT membrane bound?

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

a double lipid bilayer membrane that defines the nucleus (has an inner and outer lipid bilayer)
- inner faces the inside of the nucleus
- Outer lipid bilayer is connected to the Smooth and Rough ER

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24
Q

Nuclear pores

A

passages through the nuclear envelope that regulate nuclear transport

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25
Q

nucleolus

A

an area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

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26
Q

Chromatin

A

chromosomal DNA that is bound to (complexed with) proteins
- inside the nucleus

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Enzyme complexes that are considered organelles (not membrane bound)

28
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

synthesize proteins

29
Q

What is the structure of Ribosomes?

A

made of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

30
Q

Endomembrane System Components

A

A network of internal (lipid bilayer) membranes that includes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

- Smooth (SER)

- Rough (RER)

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicles

31
Q

Smooth (SER)

A

No ribosomes

  • Site of lipid synthesis
  • Site of fatty acid desaturation
  • Site of cholesterol and steroid synthesis
  • Various carbohydrates are synthesized there
32
Q

Rough (RER)

A

Has ribosomes on its surface
- Site for the synthesis of protein that are bound for export from the cell, or for use in the endomembrane system

33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Structure

  • Network of interconnected tubes
  • Wall of tubules composed of a lipid bilayer
  • The space inside the tubes is called the lumen
34
Q

What are the SER and RER interconnected with?

A

interconnected with each other and the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope

35
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure
- Series of flattened tubes (sacs)
- Wall of tubes are a lipid bilayer
- Cis face
- Trans face

36
Q

Cis face (Golgi Apparatus)

A

receives transport vesicles from ER

37
Q

Trans face (Golgi Apparatus)

A

transport vesicles exit from the Golgi

38
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Proteins and other molecules may be modified

Molecules are sorted by eventual destination

Molecule are released in vesicles

39
Q

Photo-Bleaching Experiment

A

Conclusion: the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes is present
Experimental design
- Laser beam bleaches an area of the cell surface
- Fluorescent-labeled molecules diffuse into bleached area
- The intensity of fluorescent starts high, then drops down after the laser, and then gradually goes back up

40
Q

What happens if the membrane is too fluid?

A

the membrane will not serve as a barrier and will fall apart

41
Q

What happens if the membrane is too solid?

A

the membrane will not permit integral proteins to flex (change their shape) and carry out their functions

42
Q

How can cells regulate membrane fluidity?

A

Cells can regulate by generating phospholipids in two ways

  • more or fewer unsaturations in the fatty acids chains
  • longer or shorter fatty acid chains
43
Q

Characteristics of a more fluid membrane

A
  • higher concentration of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids
  • packs less tightly
44
Q

Characteristics of a less fluid membrane

A
  • higher concentration of phospholipids with saturated fatty acids
  • packs more tightly
45
Q

Characteristics of a membrane with less surface area

A

-higher concentration of phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains
- less interaction
- more fluid
- packs less tightly

46
Q

Characteristics of a membrane with more surface area

A
  • higher concentration of phospholipids with long fatty acid chains
  • more interaction
  • less fluid
  • packs more tightly
  • makes signaling/transport more difficult
47
Q

What happens when cells are exposed to lower temperatures?

A

The Plasma Membrane becomes less fluid (too solid)

PM compensates by making phospholipids with FA chains that are
- Shorter
- More unsaturated

48
Q

What happens when cells are exposed to higher temperatures?

A

The Plasma Membrane becomes more fluid (not solid enough)
PM compensates by making phospholipids with FA chains that are
- Longer
- More saturated

49
Q

PM interior

A

PM has a hydrophobic interior

50
Q

What is the PM permeable to?

A

permeable to nonpolar molecules
less permeable to small polar molecules
not permeable to large polar molecules or ions

51
Q

What are the types of membrane transport?

A

Diffusion and Active Transport

52
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration

DOES NOT require the use of cellular energy

53
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of molecules across the membrane from low concentration to high concentration

DOES require the use of cellular energy

54
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

The PM is permeable to a particular molecule AND a difference in concentration of that molecule across the membrane
- No energy input is required
- No transport proteins are required

56
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion of molecules that can’t cross the membrane on their own must be facilitated (have help)
- occurs through transport proteins (integral membrane proteins)
- No energy input is required

57
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins?

A

Channel proteins

Carrier proteins

58
Q

How can cells regulate Facilitated Diffusion?

A
  • Regulating the presence or absence of particular transport proteins
  • Regulating the activity of particular transport proteins
59
Q

Channel Proteins

A

act like tunnels and tubes
- don’t bind or make contact with the molecules they transport
- moves from high to low concentration
- display linear kinetics (linear relationship)

60
Q

Carrier Proteins

A
  • MUST bind to the molecules that they transport
    Direction of movement depends on concentration
    • high to low concentration
  • display saturation kinetics (increases then plateaus)
61
Q

What are the 3 types of Carrier Proteins?

A

Uniporters
Symporters
Antiporters

62
Q

Uniporters

A

Only transport one type of molecule

63
Q

Symporters

A

Transport two types of molecules in the same direction, at the same time

64
Q

Antiporters

A

Transport two types of molecules in opposite directions, at the same time

65
Q

Active Transport (anti-diffusion)

A

Used by cells to build up a concentration gradient of a molecule across a plasma membrane
- moves molecules against a concentration gradient
-Requires carrier proteins
-Requires energy input (ATP)

BIO 110 (6 decks)

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