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BIO 110 > Exam #2 (Lectures #7-12) > Flashcards

Exam #2 (Lectures #7-12) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A
  • Complexity and organization
    -Responds to the environment (homeostasis)
  • Growth and metabolism
  • Reproduction/heredity
  • Evolve
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2
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

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5
Q

What does cell volume represent?

A

DEMAND
Lots of metabolism occurring
(greater volume=greater demand)

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6
Q

What does cell surface area represent?

A

SUPPLY
Everything that enters/exits the cell must go through its surface area

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7
Q

What must occur for a cell to survive?

A

SUPPLY > or = DEMAND

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8
Q

What happens to cell volume as cell size increases?

A

As cell size increases, cell volume (demand) increases faster than cell surface area (supply)
(linear relationship)

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9
Q

Why do cell stay small?

A

Remaining small allows cells to maintain a workable surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

What are the two domains of Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria (also called eubacteria)
Archaea (extremophiles)

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11
Q

Why are Archaea called extremophiles?

A

They live in extreme environments

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12
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells the dominant forms of life in?

A

Biomass

Diversity

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13
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells different from Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells have
- no nucleus
- no internal membrane system
- a cell wall

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14
Q

Where is DNA located in Prokaryotic cells?

A

the nucleoid

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15
Q

Cell wall (in Prokaryotic cells)

A

A protective outer barrier composed of peptidoglycans

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16
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells similar to Eukaryotic cells?

A

Both cells have
- an outer plasma membrane (Phospholipid bilayer)
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes

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17
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

outer plasma membrane in Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-solid substance that contains all of the cells internal components

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

The universal organelle, responsible for synthesizing proteins

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20
Q

What is the distinctive feature of Eukaryotic cells?

A

internal compartmentalization
- Possible because of an internal membrane system

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21
Q

What are the internal compartments called?

A

organelles

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22
Q

Which type of organelles are NOT membrane bound?

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

a double lipid bilayer membrane that defines the nucleus (has an inner and outer lipid bilayer)
- inner faces the inside of the nucleus
- Outer lipid bilayer is connected to the Smooth and Rough ER

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24
Q

Nuclear pores

A

passages through the nuclear envelope that regulate nuclear transport

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25
nucleolus
an area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
26
Chromatin
chromosomal DNA that is bound to (complexed with) proteins - inside the nucleus
27
Ribosomes
Enzyme complexes that are considered organelles (not membrane bound)
28
What is the function of Ribosomes?
synthesize proteins
29
What is the structure of Ribosomes?
made of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
30
Endomembrane System Components
A network of internal (lipid bilayer) membranes that includes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Smooth (SER) - Rough (RER) Golgi Apparatus Vesicles
31
Smooth (SER)
No ribosomes - Site of lipid synthesis - Site of fatty acid desaturation - Site of cholesterol and steroid synthesis - Various carbohydrates are synthesized there
32
Rough (RER)
Has ribosomes on its surface - Site for the synthesis of protein that are bound for export from the cell, or for use in the endomembrane system
33
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Structure - Network of interconnected tubes - Wall of tubules composed of a lipid bilayer - The space inside the tubes is called the lumen
34
What are the SER and RER interconnected with?
interconnected with each other and the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope
35
Golgi Apparatus
Structure - Series of flattened tubes (sacs) - Wall of tubes are a lipid bilayer - Cis face - Trans face
36
Cis face (Golgi Apparatus)
receives transport vesicles from ER
37
Trans face (Golgi Apparatus)
transport vesicles exit from the Golgi
38
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Proteins and other molecules may be modified Molecules are sorted by eventual destination Molecule are released in vesicles
39
Photo-Bleaching Experiment
Conclusion: the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes is present Experimental design - Laser beam bleaches an area of the cell surface - Fluorescent-labeled molecules diffuse into bleached area - The intensity of fluorescent starts high, then drops down after the laser, and then gradually goes back up
40
What happens if the membrane is too fluid?
the membrane will not serve as a barrier and will fall apart
41
What happens if the membrane is too solid?
the membrane will not permit integral proteins to flex (change their shape) and carry out their functions
42
How can cells regulate membrane fluidity?
Cells can regulate by generating phospholipids in two ways - more or fewer unsaturations in the fatty acids chains - longer or shorter fatty acid chains
43
Characteristics of a more fluid membrane
- higher concentration of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids - packs less tightly
44
Characteristics of a less fluid membrane
- higher concentration of phospholipids with saturated fatty acids - packs more tightly
45
Characteristics of a membrane with less surface area
-higher concentration of phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains - less interaction - more fluid - packs less tightly
46
Characteristics of a membrane with more surface area
- higher concentration of phospholipids with long fatty acid chains - more interaction - less fluid - packs more tightly - makes signaling/transport more difficult
47
What happens when cells are exposed to lower temperatures?
The Plasma Membrane becomes less fluid (too solid) PM compensates by making phospholipids with FA chains that are - Shorter - More unsaturated
48
What happens when cells are exposed to higher temperatures?
The Plasma Membrane becomes more fluid (not solid enough) PM compensates by making phospholipids with FA chains that are - Longer - More saturated
49
PM interior
PM has a hydrophobic interior
50
What is the PM permeable to?
permeable to nonpolar molecules less permeable to small polar molecules not permeable to large polar molecules or ions
51
What are the types of membrane transport?
Diffusion and Active Transport
52
Diffusion
The movement of molecules across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration DOES NOT require the use of cellular energy
53
Active Transport
The movement of molecules across the membrane from low concentration to high concentration DOES require the use of cellular energy
54
What are the two types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion
55
Simple Diffusion
The PM is permeable to a particular molecule AND a difference in concentration of that molecule across the membrane - No energy input is required - No transport proteins are required
56
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of molecules that can't cross the membrane on their own must be facilitated (have help) - occurs through transport proteins (integral membrane proteins) - No energy input is required
57
What are the two types of transport proteins?
Channel proteins Carrier proteins
58
How can cells regulate Facilitated Diffusion?
- Regulating the presence or absence of particular transport proteins - Regulating the activity of particular transport proteins
59
Channel Proteins
act like tunnels and tubes - don't bind or make contact with the molecules they transport - moves from high to low concentration - display linear kinetics (linear relationship)
60
Carrier Proteins
- MUST bind to the molecules that they transport Direction of movement depends on concentration - high to low concentration - display saturation kinetics (increases then plateaus)
61
What are the 3 types of Carrier Proteins?
Uniporters Symporters Antiporters
62
Uniporters
Only transport one type of molecule
63
Symporters
Transport two types of molecules in the same direction, at the same time
64
Antiporters
Transport two types of molecules in opposite directions, at the same time
65
Active Transport (anti-diffusion)
Used by cells to build up a concentration gradient of a molecule across a plasma membrane - moves molecules against a concentration gradient -Requires carrier proteins -Requires energy input (ATP)

BIO 110 (6 decks)

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