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BIO 110 > Exam #1 (Lectures #1-6) > Flashcards

Exam #1 (Lectures #1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major types of cells?

A

Eucaryotic cells

Procaryotic cells

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2
Q

Examples of Procaryotes

A

Bacteria

Arcadia

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3
Q

Which is bigger: Eukaryotes or Procaryotes?

A

Eucaryotes

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4
Q

Size of cells: Biggest to Smallest

A

Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Viruses

Macromolecules

Single atoms

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of life?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

Elements

A

each is an individual type of atom

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7
Q

What does the central nucleus contain?

A

most of the atomic mass

Protons (+1) and Neutrons (no charge, 0)

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8
Q

What is outside the nucleus?

A

Electrons (-1)

found in orbitals

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9
Q

What must occur for an atom to be electrically neutral?

A

of protons= # of electrons

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10
Q

Ions

A

atoms or molecules with a net “+” or “-“ charge

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11
Q

Ionic bonds

A

an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

(Ex: Na and Cl interaction becomes Na + and Cl -)

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12
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

occur when atoms share electrons

(Ex: Methane; Carbon shares with four Hydrogens)

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13
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar

Polar

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14
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally

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15
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared unequally

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16
Q

What determines if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

A

Electronegativity(EN)

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17
Q

Electronegativity (EN)

A

Describes how strongly an atom attracts electrons (EN varies from atom to atom)

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18
Q

EN less than 0.5

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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19
Q

EN greater than or equal to 0.5

A

Polar covalent bond

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20
Q

Why is water important?

A
  1. Can’t have life without water
  2. Biochemical reactions require an aqueous environment
  3. Water is important means of transport
    (circulatory fluid in plants, blood, etc.)
  4. Water is very resistant to temperature change
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21
Q

What type of molecule is water?

A

polar molecule (held together by covalent bonds)

 - Causes partial charges
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22
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

the attraction between a partially charged positive hydrogen and a partially negative charged atom

(Ex: water can participate in hydrogen bonds)

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23
Q

What allows water to be a liquid at room temperature?

A

Hydrogen bonding

  • Heat can make water break its hydrogen bonds and become a gas
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24
Q

What types of bonds can participate in Hydrogen bonding?

A

Polar bonds

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25
Hydrophilic
water-loving; soluble in water
26
Hydrophobic
water-fearing; insoluble in water
27
What types of molecules are soluble in water?
Polar molecules
28
What type of molecules are insoluble in water?
Nonpolar molecules
29
Acid
donates protons (H+) - Increases concentration of protons
30
Base
accepts protons (H+) - Decrease concentration of protons
31
pH
he negative log of H+ concentration in solution (mol/L)(-log[H+])
32
Very Acidic
A pH of 0 [H+] > [OH-]
33
Neutral
pH of 7 [H+]= [OH-]
34
Very Basic
A pH of 14 [H+] < [OH-]
35
What type of relationship does pH and proton concentration?
Inverse relationship Lower the pH, the higher the proton concentration Higher the pH, the lower the proton concentration
36
What does one unit change in pH equal?
A 1 unit change in pH= a 10 fold change in H+ concentration (Ex: a H+ concentration is 10 times higher at a pH of 6 than a pH of 7 )
37
Macromolecules (MM)
large biologically important molecules
38
Polymers
large molecules composed of multiple subunits called monomers - all MMs are polymers - one large molecule (looks like a chain)
39
Monomers
many small molecules
40
How are macromolecules defined?
defied by their monomers
41
Condensation reactions/ Dehydration reactions
- link monomers together to form a polymer (macromolecule); produces a molecule of water from monomers to polymers
42
Hydrolysis (water lysis) reaction
water is used as a reactant to break macromolecules back into their individual monomers - from polymers to monomers
43
What is a monomer of Carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides; simple sugars
44
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose
45
What are polymers of monosaccharides called?
Polysaccharides
46
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch Cellulose Glycogen
47
Cellulose
a polymer of β-glucose monomers held together by β-linkages - Found in plant cell walls - Provides shape and structure (strength and rigidity) to plant cells - Important to people (tools, heat, paper, cotton)
48
What is the monomer of cellulose?
β-glucose (the beta form of glucose)
49
Can animals break down cellulose?
No Animals don't make the digestive enzymes necessary to break β-linkages
50
Endosymbiotic relationship
Microorganisms come from the grasses and leaves cows eat; microorganisms have the enzymes to break β-linkages
51
What type of linkages does the beta form of glucose use?
beta-linkages Hydroxyl group is above the plain of sugar
52
What type of linkages does the alpha form of glucose use?
alpha-linkages Hydroxyl group is below the plain of sugar
53
Starch/Glycogen
polymers of the alpha-glucose monomers held together by a-linkages (alpha linkages)
54
What is the function of starch/glycogen?
storage molecules for a-glucose (energy storage)
55
What is the function of cellulose?
strength and structure molecule
56
What is the energy storage molecule in plants?
Starch
57
What is the energy storage molecule in animals?
Glycogen
58
What is the macromolecule structure of cellulose?
Linear "unbranched"
59
What is the macromolecule structure of Starch?
Branched "moderately branched"
60
What is the macromolecule structure of Glycogen?
Highly branched "highly branched" More free ends allows glycogen to be broken down into monomers more quickly than starch
61
What do "free ends" allow for?
more places for digestive enzymes
62
How many types of monomers of amino acids are there?
20
63
What are polymers of amino acids?
proteins
64
What can protein functions behave like?
Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) Signaling molecules (hormones/neurotransmitters) Signaling receptors Movement (motor proteins) Structural (cytoskeletal proteins, ECM)
65
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Alpha carbon, hydrogen, carboxylic acid group, amino group
66
What makes each amino acid different?
the "R group"
67
What must occur for a protein to be produced?
Amino acids must be linked to create a protein
68
Amino-terminus
End of the protein chain which has the first added amino acid
69
Carboxy-terminus
End of the protein chain which has the last added amino acid
70
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds that hold amino acids together
71
What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?
nucleotides
72
What are the 2 types of polymers of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
73
What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information all living things use DNA for their genetic information
74
What is the function of RNA?
Involved in the expression of genetic information (Ex: Ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, Micro RNA, T-RNA)
75
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
5 Carbon sugar (Pentose sugar), Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base
76
What is the pentose sugar in DNA?
H (covalently bonded to the number 2 Carbon) - Creates deoxyribose
77
What is the pentose sugar in RNA?
OH (covalently bonded to the number 2 Carbon) - Creates ribose
78
What is the Nitrogenous base attached to?
The Number 1 Carbon
79
What type of bonds are nucleotides held together by?
phosphodiester bonds
80
How many phosphate backbones does RNA have?
one backbone RNA is a single-stranded polymer of RNA nucleotides
81
How many phosphate backbones does DNA have?
Two backbones "double stranded"
82
What are the 2 types of lipids?
Triglycerides Phospholipids
83
Triglycerides
Form of stored energy for plants and animals
84
Phospholipids
Used to form cell membranes -Life can't exist without phospholipids
85
What is the structure of Triglycerides?
1 glycerol ( 3 Carbon molecule that is the backbone of triglycerides) 3 Fatty Acids (carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain )
86
What type of bonds are used to hold glycerol and fatty acids together?
ester bonds
87
What two types of Fatty Acid hydrocarbon chains are there?
Saturated and Unsaturated
88
Saturated
All C-C single bonds Long, straight chains - Saturated with Hydrogens because it can covalently bond with as many Carbon as possible
89
Unsaturated
C=C double bonds Leads to bends in the Fatty Acid chain More than one unsaturated bond, it's a polymer
90
Saturated Fatty Acids at Room Temperature
Solid; pack well
91
Unsaturated Fatty Acids at Room Tenmperature
Liquids; don't pack well
92
What is the structure of Phospholipids?
Glycerol 2 fatty acid chains Phosphate group
93
What type of bonds hold together phosphoipids?
ester bonds
94
What part of phospholipids is polar?
the Polar hydrophilic head
95
What part of phospholipids is nonpolar?
the Nonpolar hydrophobic tail
96
What is the Phospholipid bilayer (PLB)?
Structural basis for biological membranes Phosphate heads interact with the aqueous environment; tails face inward and touch each other

BIO 110 (6 decks)

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