Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 110 > Exam #1 (Lectures #1-6) > Flashcards

Exam #1 (Lectures #1-6) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two major types of cells?

A

Eucaryotic cells

Procaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of Procaryotes

A

Bacteria

Arcadia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is bigger: Eukaryotes or Procaryotes?

A

Eucaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Size of cells: Biggest to Smallest

A

Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Viruses

Macromolecules

Single atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the building blocks of life?

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Elements

A

each is an individual type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the central nucleus contain?

A

most of the atomic mass

Protons (+1) and Neutrons (no charge, 0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is outside the nucleus?

A

Electrons (-1)

found in orbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What must occur for an atom to be electrically neutral?

A

of protons= # of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ions

A

atoms or molecules with a net “+” or “-“ charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ionic bonds

A

an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

(Ex: Na and Cl interaction becomes Na + and Cl -)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

occur when atoms share electrons

(Ex: Methane; Carbon shares with four Hydrogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar

Polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared unequally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What determines if a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

A

Electronegativity(EN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Electronegativity (EN)

A

Describes how strongly an atom attracts electrons (EN varies from atom to atom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EN less than 0.5

A

nonpolar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

EN greater than or equal to 0.5

A

Polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is water important?

A
  1. Can’t have life without water
  2. Biochemical reactions require an aqueous environment
  3. Water is important means of transport
    (circulatory fluid in plants, blood, etc.)
  4. Water is very resistant to temperature change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of molecule is water?

A

polar molecule (held together by covalent bonds)

 - Causes partial charges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

the attraction between a partially charged positive hydrogen and a partially negative charged atom

(Ex: water can participate in hydrogen bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What allows water to be a liquid at room temperature?

A

Hydrogen bonding

  • Heat can make water break its hydrogen bonds and become a gas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What types of bonds can participate in Hydrogen bonding?

A

Polar bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water-loving; soluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water-fearing; insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What types of molecules are soluble in water?

A

Polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of molecules are insoluble in water?

A

Nonpolar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Acid

A

donates protons (H+)

- Increases concentration of protons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Base

A

accepts protons (H+)

 - Decrease concentration of protons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pH

A

he negative log of H+ concentration in solution (mol/L)(-log[H+])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Very Acidic

A

A pH of 0

[H+] > [OH-]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neutral

A

pH of 7

[H+]= [OH-]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Very Basic

A

A pH of 14

[H+] < [OH-]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of relationship does pH and proton concentration?

A

Inverse relationship

Lower the pH, the higher the proton concentration

Higher the pH, the lower the proton concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does one unit change in pH equal?

A

A 1 unit change in pH= a 10 fold change in H+ concentration

(Ex: a H+ concentration is 10 times higher at a pH of 6 than a pH of 7 )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Macromolecules (MM)

A

large biologically important molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Polymers

A

large molecules composed of multiple subunits called monomers
- all MMs are polymers
- one large molecule (looks like a chain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Monomers

A

many small molecules

40
Q

How are macromolecules defined?

A

defied by their monomers

41
Q

Condensation reactions/ Dehydration reactions

A
  • link monomers together to form a polymer (macromolecule); produces a molecule of water

from monomers to polymers

42
Q

Hydrolysis (water lysis) reaction

A

water is used as a reactant to break macromolecules back into their individual monomers

  • from polymers to monomers
43
Q

What is a monomer of Carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides; simple sugars

44
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

45
Q

What are polymers of monosaccharides called?

A

Polysaccharides

46
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

47
Q

Cellulose

A

a polymer of β-glucose monomers held together by β-linkages

 - Found in plant cell walls 

  - Provides shape and structure (strength and rigidity) to plant cells
  
  - Important to people (tools, heat, paper, cotton)
48
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose?

A

β-glucose (the beta form of glucose)

49
Q

Can animals break down cellulose?

A

No

Animals don’t make the digestive enzymes necessary to break β-linkages

50
Q

Endosymbiotic relationship

A

Microorganisms come from the grasses and leaves cows eat; microorganisms have the enzymes to break β-linkages

51
Q

What type of linkages does the beta form of glucose use?

A

beta-linkages

Hydroxyl group is above the plain of sugar

52
Q

What type of linkages does the alpha form of glucose use?

A

alpha-linkages

Hydroxyl group is below the plain of sugar

53
Q

Starch/Glycogen

A

polymers of the alpha-glucose monomers held together by a-linkages (alpha linkages)

54
Q

What is the function of starch/glycogen?

A

storage molecules for a-glucose (energy storage)

55
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

strength and structure molecule

56
Q

What is the energy storage molecule in plants?

A

Starch

57
Q

What is the energy storage molecule in animals?

A

Glycogen

58
Q

What is the macromolecule structure of cellulose?

A

Linear

“unbranched”

59
Q

What is the macromolecule structure of Starch?

A

Branched

“moderately branched”

60
Q

What is the macromolecule structure of Glycogen?

A

Highly branched

“highly branched”

More free ends allows glycogen to be broken down into monomers more quickly than starch

61
Q

What do “free ends” allow for?

A

more places for digestive enzymes

62
Q

How many types of monomers of amino acids are there?

A

20

63
Q

What are polymers of amino acids?

A

proteins

64
Q

What can protein functions behave like?

A

Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)

Signaling molecules (hormones/neurotransmitters)

Signaling receptors

Movement (motor proteins)

Structural (cytoskeletal proteins, ECM)

65
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Alpha carbon, hydrogen, carboxylic acid group, amino group

66
Q

What makes each amino acid different?

A

the “R group”

67
Q

What must occur for a protein to be produced?

A

Amino acids must be linked to create a protein

68
Q

Amino-terminus

A

End of the protein chain which has the first added amino acid

69
Q

Carboxy-terminus

A

End of the protein chain which has the last added amino acid

70
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Covalent bonds that hold amino acids together

71
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

A

nucleotides

72
Q

What are the 2 types of polymers of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

73
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Stores genetic information

all living things use DNA for their genetic information

74
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Involved in the expression of genetic information

(Ex: Ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, Micro RNA, T-RNA)

75
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

5 Carbon sugar (Pentose sugar), Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base

76
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

H (covalently bonded to the number 2 Carbon)
- Creates deoxyribose

77
Q

What is the pentose sugar in RNA?

A

OH (covalently bonded to the number 2 Carbon)
- Creates ribose

78
Q

What is the Nitrogenous base attached to?

A

The Number 1 Carbon

79
Q

What type of bonds are nucleotides held together by?

A

phosphodiester bonds

80
Q

How many phosphate backbones does RNA have?

A

one backbone

RNA is a single-stranded polymer of RNA nucleotides

81
Q

How many phosphate backbones does DNA have?

A

Two backbones

“double stranded”

82
Q

What are the 2 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

83
Q

Triglycerides

A

Form of stored energy for plants and animals

84
Q

Phospholipids

A

Used to form cell membranes

-Life can't exist without phospholipids
85
Q

What is the structure of Triglycerides?

A

1 glycerol ( 3 Carbon molecule that is the backbone of triglycerides)

3 Fatty Acids (carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain )

86
Q

What type of bonds are used to hold glycerol and fatty acids together?

A

ester bonds

87
Q

What two types of Fatty Acid hydrocarbon chains are there?

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

88
Q

Saturated

A

All C-C single bonds
Long, straight chains
- Saturated with Hydrogens because it can covalently bond with as many Carbon as possible

89
Q

Unsaturated

A

C=C double bonds

Leads to bends in the Fatty Acid chain

More than one unsaturated bond, it’s a polymer

90
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids at Room Temperature

A

Solid; pack well

91
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids at Room Tenmperature

A

Liquids; don’t pack well

92
Q

What is the structure of Phospholipids?

A

Glycerol

2 fatty acid chains

Phosphate group

93
Q

What type of bonds hold together phosphoipids?

A

ester bonds

94
Q

What part of phospholipids is polar?

A

the Polar hydrophilic head

95
Q

What part of phospholipids is nonpolar?

A

the Nonpolar hydrophobic tail

96
Q

What is the Phospholipid bilayer (PLB)?

A

Structural basis for biological membranes

Phosphate heads interact with the aqueous environment; tails face inward and touch each other

BIO 110 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions