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BIO 110 > 11/10 Recitation Quiz > Flashcards

11/10 Recitation Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 primary atoms in organisms?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
(All 6 atoms are the building blocks of macromolecules )

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2
Q

Lipid primary atoms

A

C, H, O, P

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3
Q

Carbohydrates primary atoms

A

C,H, O

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4
Q

DNA/RNA primary atoms

A

C,H,O,P,N

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5
Q

Proteins primary atoms

A

C,H,O,N,S

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6
Q

which atoms are common in all 4 types?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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7
Q

Matter is…

A

recycled
- Limited amount of CHONPS on Earth
- Each element cycles into and out of living systems in different ways

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8
Q

reservoir (element)

A

Where the element is when its not part of an organism
- Important in organisms and its cycle

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9
Q

What do elements cycle between?

A

reservoirs and organisms
- Incorporation, organisms, return, reservoir of element

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10
Q

Primary Reservoirs (PR) for CHONPS

A

Water
Atmosphere

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11
Q

PR for carbon

A

CO2 in the atmosphere

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12
Q

PR for nitrogen

A

N2 in the atmosphere

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13
Q

PR for oxygen

A

H2O molecules

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14
Q

PR for hydrogen

A

H2O molecules
Another reservoir: Sediment

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15
Q

PR for Phosphorous

A

Soil and ocean beds

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16
Q

PR for Sulfur

A

Soil and ocean beds

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17
Q

What does C,H,O cycling do?

A

Cycling connects photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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18
Q

What produces photosynthesis?

A

CO2 +H2O

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19
Q

(CH2O)6 glucose

A

Energy released

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20
Q

O2

A

Cellular respiration: producers and consumers

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21
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

proteins and nucleic acids
- No shortage of Nitrogen on Earth
(80% of air is N2)

22
Q

What is the issue with atmospheric N2?

A

N2 is not useable by most organisms
- N2 is very inert, unreactive
N2= NH3 and NO3 (soil)

23
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

From its reservoir in the atmosphere, nitrogen enters ecosystems through nitrogen fixation

24
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB)

A
  • convert unusable inter N2 into reactive, usable ammonia and nitrate
  • Live in soil and on the roots of some plants
25
Nitrogen Recycling Process
1. Plants incorporate the NH3 and NO3 (soil) into macromolecules (MMs) 2. N containing MMs are - Taken up by consumers - Taken up by decomposers 3. Decomposers in the soil convert the nitrogen in MMs back into NH3 and NO3 (soil) 4. Ends up back again as soil and repeats
26
What does nitrogen fixation provide?
~5% of the N needed for living things
27
What does nitrogen recycling provide?
~95% of the N needed for living things
28
Denitrification
N is returned to the air as N2 i - Carried out by bacteria
29
Nitrogen fixation in agriculture
- 1-2% of the world's energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizers - Production of N containing fertilizers has doubled the natural rate of nitrogen fixation
30
What is Phosphorous (P) important for?
Nucleotides (ex: ATP) Nucleic acid polymers (RNA/DNA) Phospholipids (plasma membranes)
31
Phosphorus cycle
1. Plants incorporate P from sediment 2. Animals eat plants 3. Plants/animals die and decomposers return P to sediment 4. Plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again
32
What is Sulfur (S) important for?
Critical for protein forming - Found in certain amino acids (proteins)
33
Sulfur cycle
1. Plants incorporate S from sediment 2. Animals eat plants 3. Plants/animals die and decomposers return S to the sediment 4. Plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again
34
Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
Occurs when molecules gain or lose electrons
35
OIL RIG
mnemonic device for reduction/oxidation reactions Oxidation is Loss - loss of electrons - When molecule loses an electron, it becomes oxidized Reduction is Gain - The gain of electrons
36
How do oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) work together?
Reduction/oxidation reactions are coupled - As molecules gain electrons: are reduced - Other molecules must lose electrons: be oxidized
37
Why are redox reactions important?
A chain of redox reactions results in a "flow" of electrons called an Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
38
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
flow of electrons - Electron carriers (EC) - Molecules and enzymes that make up the ETC Accept electrons (become reduced) and donate electrons (become oxidized)
39
Affinity
ability for electrons
40
What is the first electron carrier's affinity?
lowest affinity for electrons (Weakest ability for electrons )
41
What is the last electron carrier's affinity?
most affinity for electrons (greatest ability for electrons)
42
Why are EC and ETC important?
critical to photosynthesis and cellular respiration
43
What does light energy power?
the production of glucose - Energy is transferred
44
What is the efficiency of light energy transfer?
30% of photon energy ends up stored as chemical energy (glucose)
45
What is the site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts Thylakoid membranes - contain the pigments (chlorophylls) that capture light energy Stroma - Where the glucose is made
46
Where do light reactions occur?
thylakoid membrane
47
What are the inputs for light reactions?
Light as an energy source H2O as an electron source
48
What are the outputs for light reactions?
ATP as an energy storage molecule NADPH an electron carrier (reduced form) O2 as a byproduct (oxygen gas)
49
Where do dark reactions (Calvin Benson Cycle) occur?
stroma
50
What are the inputs for dark reactions?
CO2 as a carbon source ATP (from light reactions) as an energy source NADPH (from light reactions) as an electron source
51
What are the outputs for dark reactions?
Glucose (energy storage molecule) ADP + Pi (from ATP hydrolysis) NADP+ (from oxidation of NADPH)

BIO 110 (6 decks)

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