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BIO 110 > 11/10 Recitation Quiz > Flashcards

11/10 Recitation Quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 6 primary atoms in organisms?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
(All 6 atoms are the building blocks of macromolecules )

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2
Q

Lipid primary atoms

A

C, H, O, P

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3
Q

Carbohydrates primary atoms

A

C,H, O

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4
Q

DNA/RNA primary atoms

A

C,H,O,P,N

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5
Q

Proteins primary atoms

A

C,H,O,N,S

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6
Q

which atoms are common in all 4 types?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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7
Q

Matter is…

A

recycled
- Limited amount of CHONPS on Earth
- Each element cycles into and out of living systems in different ways

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8
Q

reservoir (element)

A

Where the element is when its not part of an organism
- Important in organisms and its cycle

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9
Q

What do elements cycle between?

A

reservoirs and organisms
- Incorporation, organisms, return, reservoir of element

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10
Q

Primary Reservoirs (PR) for CHONPS

A

Water
Atmosphere

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11
Q

PR for carbon

A

CO2 in the atmosphere

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12
Q

PR for nitrogen

A

N2 in the atmosphere

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13
Q

PR for oxygen

A

H2O molecules

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14
Q

PR for hydrogen

A

H2O molecules
Another reservoir: Sediment

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15
Q

PR for Phosphorous

A

Soil and ocean beds

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16
Q

PR for Sulfur

A

Soil and ocean beds

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17
Q

What does C,H,O cycling do?

A

Cycling connects photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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18
Q

What produces photosynthesis?

A

CO2 +H2O

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19
Q

(CH2O)6 glucose

A

Energy released

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20
Q

O2

A

Cellular respiration: producers and consumers

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21
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

proteins and nucleic acids
- No shortage of Nitrogen on Earth
(80% of air is N2)

22
Q

What is the issue with atmospheric N2?

A

N2 is not useable by most organisms
- N2 is very inert, unreactive
N2= NH3 and NO3 (soil)

23
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

From its reservoir in the atmosphere, nitrogen enters ecosystems through nitrogen fixation

24
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB)

A
  • convert unusable inter N2 into reactive, usable ammonia and nitrate
  • Live in soil and on the roots of some plants
25
Q

Nitrogen Recycling Process

A
  1. Plants incorporate the NH3 and NO3 (soil) into macromolecules (MMs)
  2. N containing MMs are
    • Taken up by consumers
    • Taken up by decomposers
  3. Decomposers in the soil convert the nitrogen in MMs back into NH3 and NO3 (soil)
  4. Ends up back again as soil and repeats
26
Q

What does nitrogen fixation provide?

A

~5% of the N needed for living things

27
Q

What does nitrogen recycling provide?

A

~95% of the N needed for living things

28
Q

Denitrification

A

N is returned to the air as N2 i
- Carried out by bacteria

29
Q

Nitrogen fixation in agriculture

A
  • 1-2% of the world’s energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizers
  • Production of N containing fertilizers has doubled the natural rate of nitrogen fixation
30
Q

What is Phosphorous (P) important for?

A

Nucleotides (ex: ATP)
Nucleic acid polymers (RNA/DNA)
Phospholipids (plasma membranes)

31
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A
  1. Plants incorporate P from sediment
  2. Animals eat plants
  3. Plants/animals die and decomposers return P to sediment
  4. Plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again
32
Q

What is Sulfur (S) important for?

A

Critical for protein forming
- Found in certain amino acids (proteins)

33
Q

Sulfur cycle

A
  1. Plants incorporate S from sediment
  2. Animals eat plants
  3. Plants/animals die and decomposers return S to the sediment
  4. Plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again
34
Q

Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reactions

A

Occurs when molecules gain or lose electrons

35
Q

OIL RIG

A

mnemonic device for reduction/oxidation reactions
Oxidation is Loss
- loss of electrons
- When molecule loses an electron, it becomes oxidized

Reduction is Gain
- The gain of electrons

36
Q

How do oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) work together?

A

Reduction/oxidation reactions are coupled
- As molecules gain electrons: are reduced
- Other molecules must lose electrons: be oxidized

37
Q

Why are redox reactions important?

A

A chain of redox reactions results in a “flow” of electrons called an Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

38
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

flow of electrons
- Electron carriers (EC)
- Molecules and enzymes that make up the ETC
Accept electrons (become reduced) and donate electrons (become oxidized)

39
Q

Affinity

A

ability for electrons

40
Q

What is the first electron carrier’s affinity?

A

lowest affinity for electrons
(Weakest ability for electrons )

41
Q

What is the last electron carrier’s affinity?

A

most affinity for electrons
(greatest ability for electrons)

42
Q

Why are EC and ETC important?

A

critical to photosynthesis and cellular respiration

43
Q

What does light energy power?

A

the production of glucose
- Energy is transferred

44
Q

What is the efficiency of light energy transfer?

A

30% of photon energy ends up stored as chemical energy (glucose)

45
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts
Thylakoid membranes
- contain the pigments (chlorophylls) that capture light energy
Stroma
- Where the glucose is made

46
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

thylakoid membrane

47
Q

What are the inputs for light reactions?

A

Light as an energy source
H2O as an electron source

48
Q

What are the outputs for light reactions?

A

ATP as an energy storage molecule
NADPH an electron carrier (reduced form)
O2 as a byproduct (oxygen gas)

49
Q

Where do dark reactions (Calvin Benson Cycle) occur?

A

stroma

50
Q

What are the inputs for dark reactions?

A

CO2 as a carbon source
ATP (from light reactions) as an energy source
NADPH (from light reactions) as an electron source

51
Q

What are the outputs for dark reactions?

A

Glucose (energy storage molecule)
ADP + Pi (from ATP hydrolysis)
NADP+ (from oxidation of NADPH)

BIO 110 (6 decks)

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