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Ecology 2200 Exam 2 > Exam 2 Lecture 9 Life History Evolution > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 9 Life History Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

= the ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes across environments

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2
Q

•Number vs size of offspring

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

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3
Q

Semelparous

A

is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death

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4
Q

Number of eggs laid per Darter clutch is _________ with egg size

A

negatively correlated

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5
Q

The cost of current reproduction i

A

s the decrease that current reproduction causes in future reproduction This cost typically decreases with age

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6
Q

•Number vs size of offspring

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

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7
Q

r v k: Competitive ability

A

r v k:

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8
Q

Reproductive effort

A

the allocation of energy, time, and other resources to the production and care of offspring

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9
Q

Explain Number vs size of offspring

A

In any given reproductive event, there is a tradeoff between the number of offspring produced and the size of those offspring–Invest in egg yolk, blood supply, provisions

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10
Q

__selection: Characteristic high population growth rate

A

R selection

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11
Q

—parous: Adult survival is high

A

Iteroparous

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12
Q

Non-linearity model

A

If most of the costs of reproduction are realized, even at low levels of reproductive effort, then individuals that invest in a single, massive reproductive event are likely to have a fitness advantage over those that invest in multiple reproductive events

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13
Q

MacArthur and Wilson: r selection

A

per capita rate of increase

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14
Q

Across many different types of plants, number of seeds per plant

A

is negatively correlated with average seed size

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15
Q

Define Intrinsic tradeoffs:

A
  • Increase in one life-history trait is linked to a decrease in another life-history trait
  • The fitness gains that would have been made by the former are counteracted by the fitness loss caused by the latter •These are usually caused by genetic or phenotypic correlations between life history traits among individuals in a population
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16
Q

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

A
  • •Reproduction vs survival
  • •Current vs future reproduction
  • •Current reproduction vs parental growth
  • •Current reproduction vs parental condition
  • •Number vs size of offspring
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17
Q

__selection: Most prominent in species whose populations are near the carrying capacity much of the time

A

K selection

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18
Q

Live Fast Die Young & Neanderthals

A

‘slow growth’ gave complex brains more time to ‘cook,’ so to speak, and then learn all those things a fancy brain could learn.” “The team noted that the child’s brain had reached only about 87% of an average adult Neanderthal’s brain size, whereas modern human brains reach 90% of their adult size by age 5.

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19
Q

—parity is favored when the ratio of adult:juvenile survival is — or —-

A

Iteroparity, high or variable

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20
Q

__selection: Strongest in species colonizing new or disturbed habitats.

A

R selection

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21
Q

•Current reproduction vs parental condition

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

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22
Q

—parous: Evolved independently several times

A

Semelparous

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23
Q

Gene flow between populations of each species

A

is negatively correlated with egg size

24
Q

Number of eggs laid per Darter clutch is ________with female size

A

positively correlated

25
Q

our models assume

A

a tradeoff between survival and reproduction!Reproductive strategies & lifespan

26
Q

Positively correlated traits

A

•Age at reproductive maturity & adult survival •Development time & body size

27
Q

•Development time & body size

A

Positively correlated traits

28
Q

•Current reproduction vs parental growth

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

29
Q

Life Fast Die Young Hyp. (nonspec)

A

The theory that a higher metabolism means a shorter lifespan. Aging is the inevitable byproduct of energy expenditure. The faster you expend energy, the faster you age, and the sooner you die

30
Q

r v k: Intrinsic rate of increase, rmax

A

r v k:

31
Q

•Reproduction vs survival

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

32
Q

Life History Traits that are fitness components

A
  • Size at birth
  • •Growth pattern
  • •Age and size at maturity
  • •Number, size, and sex of offspring
  • •Age-, stage- or size-specific reproductive effort
  • •Age-, stage- or size-specific rates of survival
  • •Lifespan
33
Q

•Age at reproductive maturity and adult survival

A

Positively correlated traits

34
Q

Most of our grain crops are______

A

Semelparous

35
Q

__selection: Characteristic efficient resource use.

A

K selection

36
Q

Fecundity

A

number of eggs or seeds produced by an organism

37
Q

Why don’t all organisms just reproduce as soon as they are born, produce an infinite number of offspring, and live forever?

A
  • Environmental limitations
  • Intrinsic limitations & tradeoffs!
38
Q

Demographic model

A

If adult survival is very low, then individuals that put a lot of investment into reproduction early in life will have a fitness advantage over those that spread their reproductive investment over time

39
Q

—parous: Adult fecundity is low

A

Iteroparous

40
Q

—parous: Typically have higher reproductive effort

A

Semelparous

41
Q

Principle of allocation

A

Resources that are used towards survival cannot be simultaneously available to an organism for reproduction. The pie represents the total energy and resources that organisms can access

42
Q

seed size is positively correlated

A

with rapid growth

43
Q

r v k: Reproduction

A

r v k:

44
Q

MacArthur and Wilson: k selection

A

carrying capacity)

45
Q

r v k: Reproduction

A

r v k:

46
Q

Reaction norm

A

describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments.

47
Q

Iteroparous

A

multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime

48
Q

What kind of relationship do you expect for gene flow and clutch size?

A

.Positive correlation

49
Q

•Current vs future reproduction

A

Intrinsic tradeoff (negative correlation)

50
Q

r v k: Development

A

r v k:

51
Q

Gene flow

A

a measure of shared genetic material

52
Q

Variation in life history traits are influencing the_______ ____ _______ ____ _________through ______, which is mediated by ____ ______!

A

distribution and abundance of populations, dispersal, reproductive strategies

53
Q

Bet-hedging model

A

If adult survival is highly variable, then individuals that spread out their investment over multiple reproductive events will have a fitness advantage over those that invest all of their reproductive resources in a single event

54
Q

r v k: Offspring

A

r v k:

55
Q

r v k: Body size

A

r v k:

Ecology 2200 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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