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Comparative Endocrinology > EXAM 2: Lecture 9,10 > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Lecture 9,10 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine systems evolved from

A

single endo cells dispersed throughout body into specific regionalization of endo cells

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2
Q

neurons

A

synapses on capillaries and possesses larger vesicles; hormones are NT

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3
Q

modified epithelium

A

stand alone organs or embedded in other organs

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4
Q

rare endo system

A

single endo source, single hormone, single target

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5
Q

benefits of endo systems

A

crosstalk between signaling pathways

functional redundancy (multiple hormones regulate complex physio)

robustness and adaptability (change as animal changes)

non-linear

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6
Q

functional redundancy

A

critical physio processes are under control of multiple hormones

  • presence of many signals needed to elicit maximal physio effectiveness
  • interuption of 1 signal can be compensated by others
  • multiple hormones may control same process and all together have greater effect than alone
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7
Q

robustness of endo systems

A

must be adaptable because animals are subject to change

  • aging/disease/weight gain
  • systems change sensitivity and cross talk between other pathways
  • animals are not static nor are endo cells; musta adapt as body changes
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8
Q

non-linear ness of endo systems

A

can’t predict output from input

  • complexity
  • no direct one to one relationship
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9
Q

crosstalk of endo systems

A

hormone A stimualtes AC; hormone B inhibits it in same cell

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10
Q

master switches

A

transcription factors that drive organization of endocrine systems

PAX6 TF

genes controlling endo systems coevolved with genes underlying homeostatic control of physiology

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11
Q

myriad

A

inputs to same place, redundancy, integration

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12
Q

vertebrates

A

hypothalamus/pituitary

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13
Q

invertebrates

A

p glands within the body

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14
Q

driver nodes

A

endo systems have these which are essential control points that are centered on cells releasing hormones

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15
Q

vertebrates: HPA

A

hypothalamus/pituitary axis

with additional endo organs, tissues, bigger, faster, developed CNS

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16
Q

HPA

A

necessary for animals to be verts

gives verts a close association between endo and nervous tissue; central role of CNS in collecting peripheral and internal info

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17
Q

invertebrates: no HPA

A

endo tissues outside CNS, smaller, slower, less sophisticated

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18
Q

sponges

A

animal-specific TFs, structural proteins to construct endo cells

no endo cells; no blood

DO produce signals to coordinate physio

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19
Q

HPA info

A

hormone secreting cells in the same place; allows for finer control of hormone release

hormones are peptides, AA, proteins

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20
Q

HPA is

A

collections of hypothalamic neurons (nuclei) collect info from interior/exterior and send messages to pituitary

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21
Q

two types of hormones in HPA

A

releasing hormones

inhibiting hormones

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22
Q

releasing hormones

A

cause release of pituitary hormones

GHRH
GnRH
CRH
TRH

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23
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

protein

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24
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

peptide

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25
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

peptide

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26
Q

TRH

A

thyroid releasing hormone

peptide

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27
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

block release of hormones onto pituitary

PIH
SS

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28
Q

PIH

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone

dopamine

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29
Q

SS

A

somatostatin

peptide

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30
Q

blood flow in HPA

A

infundibulum: capillary bed that carries hormones to anterior pituitary
- second capillary bed within anterior pituitary that carries hormones to general circulation

some neurons secrete hormones into infundibulum

other neurons project axons to post pituitary where they synapse on capillary bed

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31
Q

synapses in HPA

PO, SO

A

project and release in infundibulum

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32
Q

synapses in HPA

PV

A

projects and releases in posterior pituitary

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33
Q

anterior pituitary

A

under control of RH and IH released by hypothalamic nuclei

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34
Q

cell types of anterior pitutiary

A 
somatotropes
corticotropes
thyrotropes
gonadotropes
lactotropes
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35
Q

somatotropes

A

GH

30-40%

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36
Q

corticotropes

A

ACTH

20%

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37
Q

thyrotropes

A

TSH

3-5%

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38
Q

gonadotropes

A

LH/FSH

3-5%

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39
Q

lactotropes

A

Prl

3-5%

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40
Q

posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic cells in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate onto capillary beds here

Oxy/ADH produced by separate cells and released directly into blood

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41
Q

GH

A

regulates growth

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42
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

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43
Q

ACTH

A

adenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates steroid synthesis by adrenal

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44
Q

LH/FSH

A

gonadal regulation

45
Q

Prl

A

volume regulation

46
Q

SS

A

inhibition of TSH/GH release

47
Q

advantages to complexity of endocrine systems

A

two decision modes, hypothalamus and pituitary

arrangement may best mimic physio it controls

arrangement may minimize noise by phase-locking/entrainment

some animals don’t have HPA ; over engineering

48
Q

two decision modes: hypothalamus and pituitary

A

independently collect info from multiple sources

pituitary: yes/no decision to secrete hormone or not

feedback occurs at both levels

physio change does not provide feedback, pituitary hormone blood levels do

49
Q

HPA evolution

A

two levels: anatomical and hormonal

tests:
whole genome screens

immuno screens

50
Q

whole genome screens

A

look for peptides/proteins that share at least 60% homology with known HPA hormones

51
Q

immuno screens

A

look for cross-reactivity between AB raised against vertebrate hormones

52
Q

amphioxus

A

invert; small marine animal in warm coastal waters

  • shallow groove near rudimentary NS
  • has CYP P450s, immunoreactive peptides that cross react with LH, CCK, enekephalin, Pit1, TF
    NEEDED FOR HPA DEVELOPMENT

environment is static, lack of change removes need for HPA

rudimentary pituitary has no cytological differences between cells; lack of regionalization

** presence of GnRH-like, ACTH-like, TSG-like peptides

53
Q

HPA evolution

A

HPA present in all verts

pituitary NOT in all inverts

hypothalamic hormones older than HPA; found in inverts and verts without an HPA (GOF/LOF)

pituitary is vert invention but with old hormones

methods to which hypothalamic info goes to pituitary differs

54
Q

evolution of HPA is likely due to

A

optimization of communication between hypothalamus and pituitary while allowing hypothalamus and pituitary to inc. in size and complexity

55
Q

methods of hypothalamic info to pituitary:

agnatha

A

no direct link

hormones diffuse through general blood supply

56
Q

methods of hypothalamic info to pituitary:

teleosts

A

direct innervation of pituitary cells by hypothalamic neurons

57
Q

methods of hypothalamic info to pituitary:

mammals

A

release of hypothalamic hormones into portal blood supply of median eminence and then to pituitary

58
Q

lamprey info

A

ancient lineage of jawless fish

59
Q

lamprey endo system

A

start to see cells that look like hormone secreting cells in mammalian pituitary

development of nuclei of cell bodies within rudimentary hypothalamus

immunoreactive and in silico proof that GH, prl, and LH are produced and secreted –> diffusive link between hypothalamus and pituitary

60
Q

elasmobranchs info

A

cartilaginous fish

61
Q

elasmobranchs hormonal evolution

A

possess MCH/MSH and other hormones not found in other vertebrates

62
Q

elasmobranchs anatomical evolution

A

pituitary clearly differentiated into diff areas; hypothalamus has pars ventralis and saccus vasculosus that secretes MCH/MSH

high interdigitation of hormone secreting cells and neurons, no evidence of regionalization

diffusive connection between hypothalamusa nd pituitary

63
Q

teleosts anatomical evolution

A

direct innervation of pituitary cells by hypothalamic neurons

no pars tuberalis

in other fish: clear separation between hypothalamus and pituitary

greater regionalization of hormone-secreting cells in anterior pituitary

64
Q

teleosts hormonal evolution

A

two types of GTH

production of stanniocalcin (unique to fish)
-GOF mutation

HPA hormones are also NT

overlap between CNS/HPA

65
Q

teleost evolution

A

one decision center

GnRH releasing neurons are phase-locked with pituitary secreting GTH hormones

66
Q

amphibians info

A

transition from teleost to mammalian

67
Q

amphibians anatomical evolution

A

like mammals: median eminence and secretion of hormones into portal blood supply

  • like animals: clear sexual dimorphism of hypothalamic nuclei
  • like teleosts: direct innervation of hormone secreting cells in pars intermedia (pituitary)
68
Q

amphibians hormonal evolution

A

unique pituitary hormone:

arginine vasotocin

69
Q

arginine vasotocin

A

amphibians pituitary hormone

70
Q

reptiles anatomical evolution

A

similar to mammalian HPA

  • no direct innervation of pituitary cells
  • hypothalamus is missing some mammalian nuclei
  • pituitary is differentiated into pars distalis, tuberalis, intermedia
71
Q

reptiles hormonal evolution

A

similar to amphibians with exception of arginine vasotocin – mesotocin instead

72
Q

birds anatomical evolution

A

like mammalian;

  • hypophyseal blood flow not identical to animals
  • sexually dimorphic hypothalamus
  • evidence for mammalian-like direct hormone secretion into posterior pituitary
  • pituitary has no pars intermedia but a well developed pars tuberalis
73
Q

birds hormonal evolution

A

same as mammals

74
Q

mammals anatomical evolution

A

well developed hypophyseal blood flow, pars nervosa

  • extensive regionalization of pituitary hormone secreting cells
  • extensive regionalization of hypothalamic nuclei
  • clear development of hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone release
  • extensive development of distinct pituitary regions
75
Q

mammals hormonal evolution

A

anterior pituitary: pars distalis, tuberalis, intermedia; large volume of hypophyseal blood flow

  • clear regionalization of hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secreting cells
  • two clear discriminators
  • evidence for extensive info flow from CNS to hypothalamic nuclei
  • hormones appear and disappear form HPA because of need

** regional stratification is separate from hormonal evolution

76
Q

pituitary stratification

A

tuberalis
intermedia
distalis

77
Q

pars tuberalis

A

Prl secreting cells

78
Q

pars intermedia

A

alpha-MSH

absent in whales, manatees, elephants, armadillos, beavers, adult humans, body hair, and melanocytes

79
Q

distalis

A 
ACTH
TSH
GH
PrL
LH
FSH
80
Q

hypothalamus stratification

A

extensive regionalization with distinct nuclei

suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, dorsomedial, posterior, supraoptic, periventricular, arcuate

sexually dimorphic

info flows as NT

81
Q

invertebrates anatomical evolution

A

corpus cardiaca and allata = hypothalamic equivalents

  • neurohemal organs that secrete hormones into blood
  • also endocrine cells
  • no pituitary, no portal blood flow
82
Q

pituitary hormones

A 
oxytocin
ADH
LH
FSH
TSH
GH
PrL
ACTH
MSH
LPH
83
Q

oxytocin

A

uterus, reproduction

84
Q

ADH

A

kidney, water retention

85
Q

LH

A

testes/ovaries, steroidogenesis, gamete release

86
Q

FSH

A

testes/ovaries, steroidogenesis, follicle development

87
Q

TSh

A

thyroid, thyroxine release

88
Q

GH

A

bone, tissues, osmoregulation, tissue growth & development

89
Q

Prl

A

osmoregulation

90
Q

ACTH

A

adrenal, steroidogenesis; glucocorticoids and androgen precursors

91
Q

MSH

A

melanocytes, melanin production

92
Q

LPH

A

adipose, lipolysis

93
Q

CRH family

A

demonstrates gene duplication and GOF/LOF

family found in vertebrates and invertebrates

41 AA peptide distributed in PNS and CNS

94
Q

fish CRH

A

urotensin

95
Q

mammals CRH

A

urocortin

96
Q

amphibians CRH

A

sauvagine

97
Q

vertebrates CRH

A

Ucn2 and Ucn3

98
Q

invertebrates CRH

A

DH

99
Q

CRH peptide family

A

neurologically active peptides 38-42 AA

c and n term modification

amphiphilic

100
Q

vertebrates CRH family

A

produced in hypothalamus, T lymphocytes and placenta
- placental release determines gestational length

pituitary: releases ACTH, beta-endorphin release, GPCR

control of physiological stress

101
Q

CRH release

A

wide range of NTs that control CRH release is a measure of importance

release is a consequence of integration of autonomic and behavioral input into HPA

example of advantages of regionalization within CNS and endo systems

102
Q

CRH receptors

A

secretin family GPCRs that arose by gene duplication

signal through cAMP/PKA

103
Q

CRHR1

A

brain, anterior pituitary

104
Q

CRHR2

A

less in CNS, more PNS with multiple splice variants

105
Q

CRH binding protein (CRHBP)

A

highly conserved

secreted glycoprotein that binds CRH with high affinity

not subject to gene duplication

binds CRH and Ucn1

40-60% of CRH in CNS is bound to CRHBP

  • limits availability
  • attenuates ACTH release

acts to traffic receptor to cell surface

106
Q

CRH physiology

A

control of stress, blood vessel diameter, thermoregulation, growth and metabolism, metamorphosis, reproduction

GOF

found in all verts, echinoderms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods

107
Q

CRH evolution

CHR1

A

3 rounds of duplication –> CRH2

108
Q

CRH evolution

CRH2

A

lost in placental mammals and teleosts

present in birds, lizards, platypus

109
Q

CRH evolution

in fish

A

evidence of gene duplications, LOF and GOF of paralogous genes for CRH, its receptor, and its BP

Comparative Endocrinology (4 decks)

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