Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Endocrinology > EXAM 2: Lecture 15,16 > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Lecture 15,16 Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

likely hormone regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heterosis

A

hybrid vigor or ability to mask mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sexual repro organisms

A 
fish
mammals
amphibians
reptiles
birds
insects
crustaceans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sexual repro required evolution of

A

cell polarization

meiosis

encapsulation

yolk

all under endo control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cell polarization

A

dependent on TFs, large and small RNAs, cell concentration gradients

essential for fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

meiosis

A

haploid cells, correction of mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

encapsulation

A

protection of gametes from immune system; combo of fluid and physical barriers; ability to establish microenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

yolk

A

nutrient-rich portion of egg to supply food

birds
fish
inverts

vitellogenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vitellogenin

A

precursor protein of egg yolk

all oviparous species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sex determination process

A

chromosomal

genetic

environmental

social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CNS control of repro

A

hormonal regulation of all aspects

affected by peptides, protein, steroids, terpenes

sexual diff. of neuronal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

repro strategies

A

dN/dt = rN (1-N/k)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dN/dt

A

change in population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

r

A

maximal growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

N

A

starting pop size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

k

A

carrying capacity of population over time

food & niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

R strategies

A

high growth rate

less populated eco niches

many offspring

low prob. of survival

area less environmentally stable

smaller body size

short generational timeline

MICE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

K strategies

A

population densities closer to maximal CC

more stable environment

larger body size

late sexual maturity

higher survival of offspring

ELEPHANT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what strategies do most animals have?

A

intermediate strategy with traits of both

larger animals, long lifespans, large numbers off spring, little parental investment, low offspring survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

parental investment

A

effort or resource parents provide; energy not used elsewhere

determined hormonally

yolk
feeding hatchlings
male competition for females
courtship rituals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sex determination

A

genes, alleles, chromosomes

T*, size, social status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic difference master switch

A

transcription factor

  • diff alleles of same gene or diff gene
  • diff chromosomes
  • chromosomal differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

diff chromosomes determination

A

homogametic

heterogametic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

homogametic

A

diploid cell has same 2 chromosomes that determines sex; no requirement for gonadal hormones

XX, YY, ZZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

heterogametic

A

diploid cells have 2 different sex chromosomes; requirement for gonadal hormones

ZW, XY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chromosomal differences determination:

XX/XY

A

Y chromosome has SRY gene

verts, not inverts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chromosomal differences determination:

XX/XO

A

no Y chromosome; gene dosage of TF

insects & mammals

xx= female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chromosomal differences determination:

ZW/ZZ

A

W chromosome has DMRT1 gene

ZW = female

birds, reptiles, insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

chromosomal differences determination:

WY, WX, XX/YY or YX

A

platypus

WY, WX, XX: female
YY, YX: male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

chromosomal differences determination:

haploidy

A

ants and bees

haploid unfertilized egg: male
diploid: females or sterile male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

environmental cues

A

temperature
contact
dominance
unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

environmental cues:

temperature

A

turtles, fish, lizards

above a certain temp – males instead of females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

environmental cues:

contact

A

if marine larva contact eachother – become males

otherwise all females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

environmental cues:

dominance

A

tropical clown fish: dominant fish becomes female, others remain male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sex determination: hormonal control

A

closest thing to master switch: GTH!!!!!!

GTH drives growth of gonads, ensure gametes develop

Verts: GnRH and GnIH regulate GTH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

vertebrate hormone types

A

proteins, peps, AA derivatives, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

invert hormone types

A

proteins, peps, AA derivatives, terpenes, possibly steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

GTHs target

A

gonads

site of production of ova and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how do verts determine repro strategy?

A

age of sexual maturity

finding and attracting a mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

gonadosomatic index (GSI)

A

gonad weight / total body weight

*100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

oviparity

A

animals that lay eggs with little or no embryonic development with mother

fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles and monotremes, insects, molluscs, arachnids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

yolk function

A

energy storage
support and growth of embryo

both internal and external fertilization

direct control of hormones

43
Q

viviparity

A

fertiliation is internal as is embryonic dvelopment; live birth instead of eggs

sharks, frogs, mammals

44
Q

sharks viviparity

A

embryo develops inside oviduct; partial viviparity

45
Q

frogs viviparity

A

placenta

46
Q

traits of viviparity

A

nutrients transported directly

placenta keeps maternal blood separate from offspring

evolved from oviparity

47
Q

sex facts

A

social and physiological risk

energy drain

reduce risk by restricting to when female is fertile

primates = not coupled to fertilizty

48
Q

vertebrate sexual maturity

A

regulated by HPA

1 year (teleosts) to 15-16 years (eels, mammals)

tailored for each species to max. successful fertilization

49
Q

different hormonal environments for oocyte and sperm are controlled by

A

GTHs

50
Q

vitellogenesis

A

lipoprotein yolk precursor under estrogen control in liver

51
Q

support cells

A

follicular, thecal, leydig and sertoli

diff and growth under hormonal control

52
Q

GnRH peptide gene family

A

all verts and inverts have the gene family

only verts: gene family controls repro

53
Q

all verts have 2 GTHs

A

FSH like and LH like

FSH: follicular development and sperm mitosis

LH: ovulation and spermiation

54
Q

GnRH secreting neurons express receptors for

A

kisspeptin

55
Q

kisspeptin

A

release of kisspeptin drives release of GnRH

56
Q

neurokinin B

A

autocrine: affects release of kisspeptin

57
Q

dynorphin

A

suppresses GnRH release along with GnIH from other neurons

58
Q

kisspeptin info

A

verts only; neuropeptide

2 forms in simpler verts

mammals: 1 form, for repro
birds: neither, LOF

under regulation of blood sex steroids (through GPCR)

59
Q

FSH

A

stimulates estrogen, progesterone, testosterone secretion

heterodimeric glycoprotein
alpha and beta subuntis

60
Q

where is FSH expressed?

A

pituitary cells and gonads of tetrapods in different cells

61
Q

what controls FSH release?

A

GnRH, activin, inhibin, follistatin, blood steroids

62
Q

FSH receptor

A

GPCR, cAMP on surface of follicular cells

63
Q

LH

A

follicular cells: estrogen production and follicular cell growth and differentiation

testes: androgen production and spermatogenesis

heterodimeric glycoprotein
alpha and beta subunits

64
Q

where is LH produced?

A

anterior pituitary

65
Q

LH is released in response to

A

GnRH and steroids

66
Q

LH receptor

A

GPCR, cAMP on follicular cells

67
Q

Activin

A

influences GTH release from CNS

TGF-beta superfamily of GF

homodimeric, widely expressed

68
Q

Activin is produced by

A

follicular cells in response to FSH/cAMP

69
Q

activin receptor

A

1TMS NOT rtkase

phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues in Smad2/3 TFs

70
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits FSH release from anterior pituitary, stimulated by FSH

TGF-beta superfamily

heterodimeric alphabeta subunits

birds, mammals, fish

71
Q

follistatin

A

binds to activin and inhibits activities

increases FSH release

72
Q

prolactin info

A

large protein, rapid evolution of structure in mammals, structural variability in fish

73
Q

prolactin produced in

A

placenta by high blood levels of estrogen

74
Q

prolactin is in

A

anterior pituitary, breast, uterus, lymphocytes, leukocytes, intestine, prostate, placenta

75
Q

prolactin signalign

A

1TMS and activation of JAK/STAT pathway

76
Q

prolactin function

A

shifts energy sources to mother

protects mother

77
Q

steroids

A

under direct regulation of GTHs

highest in mammals

ratio between androgens/estrogens is sex determining in many verts

78
Q

ecdysone

A

steroid indirect control of repro by regulating sexual maturity

79
Q

lamprey repro

A

no breeding cycle, individuals die after breeding

unique steroid: 15alpha-OH

80
Q

hagfish repro

A

continuous breeding

81
Q

elasmobrachs repro

A

standard GnRH, GTH pathways

82
Q

bony fish repro

A

gonochoristic (separate sexes) as well as all females or hermaphrodites

11-keto-testosterone

83
Q

amphibians repro

A

aquatic larval state –> rapid growth without parental energy investment

in less aquatic ones: internal fertilization is more common, egg number dec.. and parental investment inc. (r type to k type)

pheromones are common

84
Q

reptiles repro

A

oviparous with well defined annual breeding cycles

internal fertilization

unique GTHs and FSH-like and LH-like to GnRH1

GnRH2 acts as NT not hormone

85
Q

avian repro

A

unique GnIH:
LP(LQ)RF amide

one functional ovary to save weight; one testes

oviparous but extended parental investment

86
Q

LP(LQ)RF amide

A

in birds and other verts

suppresses release of GnRH in verts

hypothalamus only

release under control of melatonin, glucocorticoids

87
Q

LP(LQ)RF amide receptor

A

GPCR, suppresses cAMP production

Galpha-i

88
Q

commonalities of mammal repro

A

pulsatile release of GnRH – critical for release of eggs

complex regulation of kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy), sex steroids, metabolic signals

ovarian/uterine cycles

89
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

similar to LH/FSH

90
Q

hPL

A

human placental lactogen

development of fetal metabolism, growth

works synergistically with GH

91
Q

platypus repro

A

oviparous but mammary glands

eggs with little yolk

fetus not completely developed when hatched: exteroirized fetus

no placenta, no placental hormones

92
Q

marsupial repro

A

primitive exteriorized placenta with little endo function

born at early stage of development

attach to nipple inside pouch and continue development for 200 days

93
Q

eutheria repro

A

well-developed placenta

extensive secretion of placental hormones

nutrition and immune protection

94
Q

immune protection of placenta

A

secretion of neurokinin B

contains phosphocholine molecules to suppress immunity and expression of lymphocytic suppressor cells

95
Q

eutherian cycles

A

estrous

proestrous

estrus

metestrus

anestrus

96
Q

estrous cycle

A

recurring physio changes driven by steroids and GTHs

starts after sexual maturity

97
Q

proestrus stage

A

growth of follicular cells surrounding oocyte

days to weeks in length; controlled by estrogen secretion

growth of uterine endometrium

98
Q

estrus stage

A

female is sexually receptive

under control via FSH/LH/estorgen/progesterone

coupled with ovulation

99
Q

metestrus stage

A

acitvation of corpus luteum (ovarian remains of developing follicle) to produce high concentrations of progesterone

development of endometrium of uterus to prepare for possible fertilized egg

100
Q

anestrus stage

A

rest period

controlled by light exposure through pineal gland and secretion of melatonin

induced by time of year, illness, age, lack of internal energy, pregnancy, lactation

101
Q

other cycles

A

ovarian cycle

uterine cycle

102
Q

ovarian cycle

A

changes in follicular cells: growth and differentiation, steroid production

4 days in rats to 16 weeks in elephants

103
Q

uterine cycle

A

changes in endometrium of uterus, fertilized egg implantation

Comparative Endocrinology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions