Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Endocrinology > EXAM 2: Lecture 13,14 > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Lecture 13,14 Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH info

A

10-12 AA

N-term pyroQ
C-term amide

RPGa superfamily of peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GnRH functions

A

olfaction (repro odors)

affects secretion of other pituitary hormones

heart (cardiac development in fish)

adrenal (growth and ability to secrete steroids)

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vertebrates GnRH

A

control of FSH/LH release from pit and steroidogenesis by gonads

gametogeneis, repro behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

invert GnRH-like

A

increased water flow leading to egg/sperm release

control of cell cycle

development

metamorphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

octopus GnRH

A

heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exon 1 GnRH

A

5’UTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

exon 2 GnRH

A

SP, GnRH, N-term GAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

exon 3 GnRH

A

central portion of GAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

exon 4 GnRH

A

C-term GAP and 3’UTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GnRH gene

A

exon 2 and 3 similar length

UTRs and introns = diff sizez

GnRH is under selective pressure not to change sequence

GAP not under selective pressure, sequence changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GnRH 2 and 3

A

not in hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GnRH subtypes

A

GnRH1

GnRH2

GnR3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GnRH1

A

mammals, amphibians, fish, birds reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GnRH2

A

mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GnR3

A

fish, newest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vertebrates GnRH

A

1 and 2 and 3rd in teleosts

encoded by separate genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inverts GnRH

A

12 types

multiple copies in same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GnRH expression

A

GnRH secreting neurons in hypothalamus

CNS areas, placenta, gonads, prostate, uterus, breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GnRH signaling

A

rhodopsin beta-like GPCR

absence of cyto C-term domain — resistant to desensitization and internalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GnRH signaling pathway

A

Gq/11

PLcBeta

PIP2, DAG, IP3

Ca2+

PKc activation

FSH/LH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GnRH Receptor

A

work through both:

  • PLc/Ca2+/Pkc
  • cAMP/PKa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vertebrate GnRH(1R)

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals (lack C-term)

high affinity to GnRH(½)

controls gametogenesis, sex steroid production, paracrine receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vertebrate GnRH(2R)

A

fish, reptiles, birds. mammals have nonfunctioning gene

high affinity to GnRH(2)

midbrain, neuromodulary and control of repro behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vertebrate GnRH(3R)

A

non-mammalian verts

higher affinity for GnRH(2)>(1)

teleosts only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

GnRH superfamily

A

related to invertebrate peptides

AKH
CRZ
ACP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

AKH

A

adipokinetic hormone

lipolysis, carb mobilization, body color change

insects, molluscs, worms

GPCR, cAMP

red pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

AKH info

A

8-10AA, pyroQ N-term

aromatic AA at 2
F/W at 4
W at 8
C-term amide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CRZ

A

corazonin

stress peptide
regulates food intake and metabolism, heart rate, molting, insect coloration, male repro behaviors

insects, not in verts

GPCR, cAMP
clustered with GnRH receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CRZ produced by

A

corpora cardiaca neurons, released into hemolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CRZ found in

A

salivary glands and fat bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CRZ info

A

11 AA peptides

N-term pyroQ
C-term amide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ACP

A

AKH/CRZ-related peptide

dec. germ cell proliferation, hypoerlipidemia

GPCR, cAMP

doesn’t bind to AKH/CRZ receptor

insects only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ACP info

A

11 AA

most different to GnRH

34
Q

AKH, CRZ, ACP

A

share N-term pyroQ and C term amide

  • F/W in 3
  • T/W in 7

arose from common ancestor
- GOF

35
Q

downsignaling through GPCR and cAMP production

A

lipid mobilization (AKH)

tachycardia (CRZ)

down-reg of ooctye proliferation and blood lipids (ACP)

36
Q

GnRH receptors are conserved in

A

verts/inverts

37
Q

AKH receptors are found

A

in some but not all inverts

38
Q

ACP receptors are found

A

in insects

39
Q

CRZ receptors are found in

A

almost all inverts

40
Q

FMRFa superfamily

A

verts only

C-term FMRFa motif

5 known vert genes

all GPCRs

41
Q

GnIH

A

FMRFa superfamily

inhibits secretion of GnRH in birds at neurons

repro role in other verts and inverts

many receptor forms

42
Q

NPFF (nPQRFa)

A

modulation of pain, control eating, osmoregulation

paralogous with GnIH

43
Q

QRFPa

A

feeding behavior

44
Q

PrRP (nRFa)

A

prl releasing peptide at pituitary level

45
Q

kisspeptin

A

stimulates release of GnRH in pulsatile manner

neuromodular, not hormone

46
Q

kisspeptin info

A

54 AA precursor

13 AA active

Cterm has biological activity

47
Q

prolactin

A

releasing hormone; dopamine inhibits release

48
Q

prolactin receptors

A

cytokine receptor superfamily

1-TMS receptor with no tyrosine kinase activity

prl binding results in homodimerization (no autophosphorylation) – associates with JAKs to downstream signal

49
Q

prl receptor info

A

ancestral receptor binds GH/Prl

GOF

receptors show co-evolution as do hormones themselves – functions related physiologically

50
Q

prl functions

A

water and electrolyte balance

growth and development

metabolism

behavior

repro

immuno-protection

51
Q

oldest role of prl

A

osmoregulation

52
Q

why is Prl release unusual?

A

no evidence of blood-borne prl acting as negative feedback signal to restrict prl release

53
Q

why have so many diff functions become associated with Prl?

A

produced by diff tissues and receptors bind to diff regions of protein

54
Q

somatolactin

A

produced in pars intermedia

fish ion regulation

55
Q

prolactin vs ss

A

prl: hypercalcemic and hypernatremic effects

ss: released in low Ca2+ concentrations
- hypercalcemia
- stress response
- acid/base balance
- background adaptation

56
Q

IGFs

A

proteins similar to insulin

cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis

produced in vert liver, in response to GH

57
Q

IGF info

A

two 1TMS receptors

RTKase

seven binding proteins

many degrading enzymes

58
Q

IGF1

A

maximal growth

59
Q

IGF2

A

early embryonic development

60
Q

IGFR1

A

insulin receptor

IGF binds higher affinity

RTKase

61
Q

IGFR2

A

unusual

binds IGF2 but uncoupled to signal pathway

clearance receptor to prevent IGF2 signaling to other cells

62
Q

oxytocin/ADH

A

all verts, several inverts

co-evolution of receptor with hormones

63
Q

fish oxy/adh

A

isotocin / vasotocin

64
Q

verts oxy/adh

A

mesotocin / vasotocin

65
Q

invert oxy/adh

A

echinotocin / conopressin / inotocin

66
Q

meso, isotocin, ADH

A

osmoregulation

67
Q

oxytocin

A

repro, behavior, social hormone

verts: CNS, neuromodulator and hormone, associated w CRH releasing neurons

68
Q

conopressin

A

osmoregulation

69
Q

oxytocin is found

A

reproductive

retina

adrenal

thymus

pancreas

CNS

70
Q

ADH

A

derived from vasotocin

3 GPCRs

71
Q

ADH GPCR I

A

CNS, social behavior, stress, smooth muscle, platelet aggregation

72
Q

ADH GPCR II

A

endocrine, behavioral response to stress

73
Q

ADH GPCR III

A

kidney, water retention

74
Q

isotocin

A

teleosts, bony fish

smooth muscle contraction, social, sexual, maternal

acclimation of stenohaline fish to freshwater; inc. expression of transporters and ionocytes

75
Q

vasotocin

A

old

lamprey

pair bonding, social hierarchy, aggressive behavior

76
Q

mesotocin

A

verts, amphibians, reptiles, birds

regulation of water balance in amph.

epithelial permeability to water and ions

77
Q

conopressin

A

inverts

maternal, repro

only oxy/ADH member in inverts***

78
Q

somatostatin

A

verts

growth, GI physiology

GI cells, CNS

79
Q

somatostatin is produced by

A

cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, heart, thyroid, skin, retina, thymus, GI tract

80
Q

somatostatin info

A

14 and 28 AA versions

posttranslation modification of prohormone

cyclic hormone due to S-S linkage

FWKT sequence of ring needed for activity

6 paralogous genes in verts

Comparative Endocrinology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions