Exam 2 HW Questions Flashcards by Kara Laufer

In Janis’ research on recovery after surgery, which group of patients was found to have the BEST outcomes?

a) patients who were cheerful and relaxed before their operation
b) patients who were somewhat concerned and asked questions before their operation
c) highly fearful patients who were worried before the operation
d) patients who received a placebo operation

b) patients who were somewhat concerned and asked questions before their operation

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What was one reason for the late emergence of health psychology as a discipline?

a) No connection between mind and body
b) Long-standing views of disease and health
c) Insufficient scientific methods
d) Lack of interest in health

b) Long-standing views of disease and health

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Which of the following bodily functions did Miller find people can learn to control?

a) Heart rate
b) Blood pressure
c) Intestinal contractions
d) All of the above

d) All of the above

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What did Adler and Cohen discover about how the immune system interacts with the environment?

a) They found that ulcers are more common when the immune system can’t fight off an H. pylori infection.
b) They found that using maladaptive coping strategies reduces how well the immune system can sense and respond to an infection.
c) They found that the body’s attempt to maintain homeostasis keeps immune functioning steady even as the environment changes.
d) They found that, through classical conditioning, rats that previously had an immune suppressing drug administered in sweetened water would come to experience a suppression of their immune system from just sweetened water alone.

d) They found that, through classical conditioning, rats that previously had an immune suppressing drug administered in sweetened water would come to experience a suppression of their immune system from just sweetened water alone.

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In modern health psychology, allostatic load refers to:

a) Excessive exercise
b) The body’s response to medication
c) The effect of sleep deprivation
d) The cumulative wear and tear from stress

d) The cumulative wear and tear from stress

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What interdisciplinary field overlaps with health psychology and emphasizes mind-body integration in treatment?

a) Behavioral medicine
b) Cognitive therapy
c) Psychiatry
d) Neuropsychology

a) Behavioral medicine

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What psychological phenomenon did Richard Lazarus identify as critical for stress?

a) Appraisal of the event
b) Biological factors
c) Social influences
d) External environment

a) Appraisal of the event

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“Type A” personality was identified as a possible risk factor for what condition?

a) Heart disease
b) Anxiety
c) Cancer
d) Depression

a) Heart disease

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What discovery demonstrated that the psychological or emotional state could influence biological processes in the body?

a) Cannon discovered the fight or flight response
b) the Framingham Study discovered hypertension is a risk factor for stroke
c) the discovery that H. pylori can cause ulcers
d) Parsons discovered that patients take on sick roles, which contribute to illness

a) Cannon discovered the fight or flight response

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Which statement best represents the current status of cognitive therapy?

a) Cognitive therapy does not integrate well with other psychotherapies.
b) Beck’s idea of hopelessness is a significant predictor of suicide risk.
c) Anger is a key issue in anxiety disorders.
d) Research into the efficacy of cognitive therapy is just beginning.

b) Beck’s idea of hopelessness is a significant predictor of suicide risk.

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Cognitive therapy

a) shares some beliefs with psychoanalysis.
b) discounts the importance of rationality.
c) encourages patient transference.
d) typically requires lengthy therapy.

a) shares some beliefs with psychoanalysis.

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Cognitive therapy

a) can be successfully used as the sole treatment for psychoses.
b) does not translate well in multicultural settings.
c) can help some patients who have been prescribed medication learn to function without it.
d) is best used in conjunction with psychoactive drugs.

c) can help some patients who have been prescribed medication learn to function without it.

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Cognitive therapy

a) recognizes that cognitive schemas slightly influence how we process information.
b) recognizes that there is a linear relationship between cognitive schemas and patient bias.
c) is based on the idea that processing information is crucial for survival.
d) tries to suspend cognition in favor of deeper processing of affect.

c) is based on the idea that processing information is crucial for survival.

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Cognitive therapy targets cognitive distortions, or systematic errors in reasoning, including

a) undergeneralization.
b) depersonalization.
c) selective abstraction.
d) logical deduction.

c) selective abstraction.

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Beck identified a(n) __________ triad as characterizing depression.

a) serotonin
b) affective
c) dopamine
d) cognitive

d) cognitive

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One of the most important theoretical underpinnings of cognitive therapy is

a) a phenomenological approach as developed by the Stoic philosophers and Immanuel Kant.
b) the recognition that depression is anger that is turned inward rather than expressed through interpersonal hostility.
c) the Adlerian recognition of female powerlessness.
d) the psychoanalytic view that neurosis results from frustrated sexual development.

a) a phenomenological approach as developed by the Stoic philosophers and Immanuel Kant.

The patient in the cognitive therapy case study

a) eventually learned to stop categorizing people as “winners” and “losers.”
b) never permitted himself to acknowledge that he and his parents were separate.
c) grew up in a family that did not value competition at all.
d) thought himself to be exceptionally attractive and intelligent.

a) eventually learned to stop categorizing people as “winners” and “losers.”

Cognitive therapy fosters change by

a) substituting positive beliefs for negative ones.
b) treating patient beliefs as subject to rational inquiry.
c) teaching the patient to adopt the therapist’s beliefs.
d) ignoring patients’ real problems as a distraction from cognitive bias.

b) treating patient beliefs as subject to rational inquiry.

The three fundamental concepts in cognitive therapy are

a) collaborative empiricism, the Socratic dialogue, and guided discovery.
b) guided empiricism, the Socratic dialogue, and collaborative discovery.
c) guided empiricism, the stoicism of Epictetus, and collaborative discovery.
d) collaborative empiricism, the stoicism of Epictetus, and guided discovery.

a) collaborative empiricism, the Socratic dialogue, and guided discovery.

The explanatory model of distress

a) encourages patients or clients to locate the origins of their distress in real-world oppression.
b) permits the therapist to rephrase the patient’s or client’s self-assessment in therapeutic terms, providing him or her with an alternative approach.
c) is incompatible with collectivistic worldviews.
d) requires patients or clients to explicitly state what they identify as their problem or illness and their expectations of the therapist and therapy.

d) requires patients or clients to explicitly state what they identify as their problem or illness and their expectations of the therapist and therapy.

In the cultural genogram exercise,

a) each person in the genogram should be characterized by his or her most salient ethnic, cultural, or sexual characteristic.
b) if patients or clients do not know their family history, they may be encouraged to use their imaginations.
c) color coding of members should not be used because it engenders the kind of racist and ethnocentric thinking the genogram is intended to obviate.
d) the extended family is more important than the nuclear family.

b) if patients or clients do not know their family history, they may be encouraged to use their imaginations.

Worldviews may be classified as

a) ethnocentric or multiethnic.
b) oppressive or liberating.
c) individualistic or collectivistic.
d) monocultural or multicultural.

c) individualistic or collectivistic.

When dealing with ethnocultural transference and countertransference, therapists should

a) treat all members of a designated minority group as subject to the same set of oppressions.
b) explain to patients or clients that accusations of prejudice or bigotry will immediately terminate the session and perhaps the treatment.
c) make explicit their own biases.
d) err on the side of discussion, particularly when in doubt about the role of race and ethnicity in treatment.

d) err on the side of discussion, particularly when in doubt about the role of race and ethnicity in treatment.

In the Helms model of the development of white racial or cultural identity, whites

a) should consciously develop a positive attitude toward other cultures before serious contact with or study of them.
b) may develop autonomous multicultural appreciation and respect—that is, come to accept, respect, and appreciate both minority and majority group members.
c) need not accept themselves as “racial beings” in order to respect other cultures.
d) must accept that they can never be free of bigotry and must carefully monitor their thoughts and control their conduct.

b) may develop autonomous multicultural appreciation and respect—that is, come to accept, respect, and appreciate both minority and majority group members.

The final stage of positive gay and lesbian minority identity formation is typically a) outreach to other gay and lesbian persons. b) synthesis of self-acceptance and outreach to supportive heterosexuals. c) openly expressed pride. d) tolerance of both gay and straight lifestyles and worldviews.

b) synthesis of self-acceptance and outreach to supportive heterosexuals.

Reevaluation counseling a) is based on Fanon's concept of "cleansing violence"—minus the violence. b) involves two patients or clients listening to each other and sometimes playing roles. c) asserts that, although bigotry is an inherent human characteristic, its effects can be minimized. d) sometimes treats one privileged white male by placing him in a group of diverse "others."

b) involves two patients or clients listening to each other and sometimes playing roles.

Multicultural psychotherapists a) reject the insights of other disciplines concerning other cultures. b) do not permit patients to blame society for their failures, even when appropriate. c) value the therapeutic uses of their own developed cultural competence. d) reject monocultural therapies as inherently oppressive.

c) value the therapeutic uses of their own developed cultural competence.

When treating Grace, a young woman of mixed black-white parentage, Dr. Martin erred when she a) encouraged Grace to feel anger over her family's long-ago slave experiences. b) told Grace to "pick one" as her primary racial affiliation. c) assumed that Grace's dead boyfriend, Adolph, was white when he was black. d) ignored Grace's problems with occasional sleep paralysis.

c) assumed that Grace's dead boyfriend, Adolph, was white when he was black.

Ethnic family therapists a) encourage patients or clients to act out hostile fantasies. b) may engage in selective self-disclosure as part of therapy. c) assert that their own ethnicity, if different from that of the patient or client, will inevitably impede therapy. d) have so far failed to develop effective professional and academic organizations and representation.

b) may engage in selective self-disclosure as part of therapy.

According to Hendrika Kemp, a) the ethical codes of most counseling groups do not permit making special accommodations. b) despite the obvious need, disability is not a standard part of clinical training for psychotherapists. c) disability accommodation is not a significant issue for the vast majority of clients or therapists. d) nearly all graduate psychotherapy-training programs provide training in disability accommodations.

b) despite the obvious need, disability is not a standard part of clinical training for psychotherapists.

Which situation might be considered an ethically "acceptable" multiple relationship between therapist and patient or client? a) An extremely wealthy patient offers to provide the therapist with regular investment advice, asking nothing in return; the therapist knows that this will prevent her from guiding the patient to confront certain unpleasant facts about himself. b) A family therapist is attracted to a patient's teenage daughter and offers to help her with her college applications because she wants to go premed. c) The therapist is stopped for speeding by a state trooper who is also a patient; the therapist demands preferential treatment. d) Both live in a small town and are active in the same faith community.

d) Both live in a small town and are active in the same faith community.

The "empirically supported therapies" movement a) has been hampered by the complexities of the necessary research. b) allows insurance providers to refuse to reimburse for therapies that do not meet statistical standards of success. c) has been accepted by the majority of practicing therapists of all schools. d) permits the most effective allocation of scarce resources.

a) has been hampered by the complexities of the necessary research.

The Nuremberg Trials established that an individual who decided to violate a fundamental ethical responsibility a) was justified in doing so as long as he or she could cite a higher ethical responsibility. b) could do so without repercussion as long as he or she was following laws, orders, or regulations. c) could not escape ethical accountability by trying to place all responsibility and agency on laws, orders, or regulations. d) should be permitted to explain his or her justification and, if it is insufficient, be sent to a profession-specific ethics course.

c) could not escape ethical accountability by trying to place all responsibility and agency on laws, orders, or regulations.

The American mental-health workforce is characterized by a) professional movement to restrict licensure to certified practitioners. b) an increasing number of therapists who eschew technical eclecticism. c) a surplus of therapists in the Northeast and Southwest. d) an increasing percentage of nonphysicians.

d) an increasing percentage of nonphysicians.

The increased use of medications to treat psychological disorders was one factor that led psychologists to seek a) a requirement for therapy when medication is prescribed. b) prescriptive authority. c) better training for psychiatrists. d) restrictions on psychotropic medications.

b) prescriptive authority.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) a) encourages therapists to eschew "checklist" diagnoses. b) replaces the International Classification of Diseases published by the WHO. c) holds that its diagnoses are valid regardless of long-term cultural and societal changes. d) has value as a reference work and a textbook of psychiatric disorders.

d) has value as a reference work and a textbook of psychiatric disorders.

A therapist working with patients or clients of other cultures and cultural backgrounds must remember that a) conditions that can be treated with medication should be medicated, regardless of the patient's or client's culture. b) while multicultural sensitivity is important, the therapist should ignore the patient's or client's attitude toward the therapist's culture in order to avoid countertransference. c) when the therapist and patient or client come from the same general culture, specific differences no longer matter. d) client or patient expectations are partially determined by the client's or patient's cultural background.

d) client or patient expectations are partially determined by the client's or patient's cultural background.

The advantages of non–face-to-face therapies, such as those provided over the Internet, include a) concentrating the availability of therapy within areas where most people live. b) providing therapy for people with mobility problems or in the final stages of terminal disease. c) permitting therapists to treat patients or clients in states where the therapist is not licensed. d) ensuring that therapy takes place during regular business hours.

b) providing therapy for people with mobility problems or in the final stages of terminal disease.

Sexual contact between a therapist and client or patient is a) appropriate when successful sexual performance will enhance the patient's or client's self-esteem. b) acceptable if the therapist is engaged in helping the patient overcome sexual problems and dysfunctions, but only as a secondary matter. c) never justified under any circumstance or with any rationale. d) understandable and acceptable if both parties desire a long-term relationship outside the professional or therapeutic setting.

c) never justified under any circumstance or with any rationale.