Exam 2 - Horse/Ruminants Flashcards
horses cardiovascular function under anesthesia
what can you use to help?
decreased contractility
decreased CO
poor perfusion
inotropic support
horses respiratory function under anesthesia
hypoventilation
severe VQ mismatch (require O2 and mech ventilation)
obligate nasal breathers = at risk of obsutrction/congestion
when can you extubate a horse
when swallowing and standing
what factors increase risk of ileus in horses
anesthesia
stress
drugs
transport
pain
why is padding important in horses
increased risk of myopathies & neuropathies & VQ mismatch
common sedation drugs in horses
alpha 2 agonist
acepromazine
+/- opioids - not alone, risk of excitement
common induction drugs in horses
ketamine + muscle relaxant (benzo or Guaifenesin)
ketamine + propofol
common total IV anesthesia drugs for maintenance in horses? how long can you use this for?
IV top ups w/ ketamine/xyalzine
‘triple drip’ or GKX
CRI of ketamine + xylazine
time limite is 1 hour to avoid accumulation/prolonged recoveries
if a procedure is more than 1 hour what maintenance anesthesia should you use in horses
inhalant
what must you measure when a horse is under inhalant anesthesia
arterial blood pressure
how do you treat hypotension in the horse
decrease depth
fluids
inotropes (dobutamine)
can you use pulse oximetry and capnometry in horses
less reliable
can you use IPPV in horses
yes freq indicated
what is the most typical analgesic used in horses
NSAIDs
what can you use intra-articularly in horses
opioids - morphine
NOT local anesthetics due to risk of chondrotoxicity
where to position the larynx in regard to oral cavity and stomach
oral < larynx > stomach
how can you reduce regurgitation risk in cattle and camelids
fasting 12-24hr before
anesthetic concern in swine? triggers?
malignant hyperthermia
triggered by halothane, succinylcholine, stress, excitement
concerns with using xylalzine in ruminants
abortion in late preg (oxytocin effect)
sheep - activates PIMS = hypoxia, pulmonary hemorrhage/edema
what is Ket-Stun
butorphanol, ketamine, xylazine
for cattle procedures ~45 minutes
what is the Johnson cocktail
butorphanol, ketamine, xylazine
small ruminants
concern with inducing ruminants with propofol and alfaxalone
risk of apnea
where to avoid injections in ruminants
hindlimb due to meat production, give in neck or shoulder
where to place a catheter in ruminants? camelids? swine?
ruminants - tail, jug, ear
camelids - high on neck or level of 6th vertebrae
swine - ear
