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NRES 250 > Exam 2: Forestry > Flashcards

Exam 2: Forestry Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecophysiology?

A

study of how the environment, both physical and biological, interacts with the physiology of an organism

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2
Q

Three basic components of ecophysiology

A

Tree biology
Site factors
Tolerance

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3
Q

factors related to plant distribution

A

temperature, moisture

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4
Q

what are three site factors?

A

climate, soil, topography

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5
Q

Three shade intolerant species

A

Aspen, paper birch, red pine

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6
Q

Two very shade tolerant species

A

Sugar maple, eastern hemlock

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7
Q

What is light compensation point?

A

point where photosynthesis equals respiration

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8
Q

Two soil properties that determine site suitability

A

soil pH, soil bulk density

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9
Q

How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit trees?

A

Increase surface area of roots which increases water and nutrient uptake

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10
Q

How is site quality measured?

A

Calculated as average height of dominant and co-dominant trees, within a given species, within a given site

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11
Q

Silviculture

A

Use of sustainable management to guide development of forest to fulfill natural resource objectives

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12
Q

Why are disturbance regimes a basis for silviculture?

A

disturbances fix genes

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13
Q

Dominant crown

A

sunlight at top and sides

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14
Q

Codominant crown

A

sunlight at top, little at sides

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15
Q

Intermediate crown

A

sunlight only at top

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16
Q

Suppressed crown

A

no direct sunlight

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17
Q

Seedling

A

1 -5 years, less than 3 ft tall

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18
Q

Sapling

A

5 - 15 years, greater than 3ft tall but less than 4 in DBH

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19
Q

Pole

A

15-60 years, in between 4 in and 8 in DBH

20
Q

Mature

A

60-150 years, height and diameter growth slows

21
Q

Old growth

A

over 150 years

22
Q

Clearcut

A

most to all trees removed:
ideal with intolerant species, mimics severe disturbance

23
Q

Seed tree

A

scattered trees left as seed source regen:
works well with southern pines and western larch
Seed crop and germination vary, competition, wind throw shallow root trees

24
Q

Shelterwood

A

retain sufficient # of trees per unit area:
30 to 80% canopy
Visual quality is best

25
Q

Coppice

A

cut trees down to ground level so they can stump sprout

26
Q

Pro of natural regeneration

A

low cost

27
Q

Con of natural regeneration

A

limited by seed dispersal, nature and probabilities

28
Q

Pro of artificial regeneration

A

dependable and predictable

29
Q

Con of artificial regeneration

A

higher costs, site prep

30
Q

Why and when did silviculture start?

A

Timber shortages and 1664 in Germany

31
Q

Advantages of mixed stands

A

More niches filled
Greater pest resistance
Diversity, flexibility and market prices
Social desires for aesthetics and recreation
Wildlife habitat diversity and refugia

32
Q

Advantages of pure stands

A

Fit valuable species in stand
Easy to match site index
Ease with stand management
Reduced harvesting costs

33
Q

Disadvantages of pure stands

A

Reduced aesthetics
Diversity decreased

34
Q

Advantages of uneven stands

A

3 age classes or more
Reduced harvest residue
Steady income with small woodlots
Favorable odds with species regeneration

35
Q

Disadvantages of uneven stands

A

Increased harvest costs because of frequent entry
Increased silviculture knowledge needed
Road maintenance greater
Increased admin

36
Q

Advantages of even stands

A

Decreased residual damage
Growth rates more uniform
Wood quality and harvest volume greater
Less complicated to manage

37
Q

Disadvantages of even stands

A

Decreased diversity
Increased susceptibility to pests

38
Q

What is the purpose of intermediate treatments?

A

Improve:
Species composition and structure
Growth rate
Tree quality

39
Q

What is stand evaluation used for?

A

determine if revenue is possible and if inputs are needed

40
Q

Release treatment

A

free desirable species by removing competition

41
Q

Improvement cuts

A

Remove low value trees (defective, deformed, diseased, insect infested)

42
Q

Low thinning (below)

A

remove suppressed and intermediate crown classes

43
Q

High thinning (above)

A

remove dominants and codominants

44
Q

How does thinning affect forest growth?

A

total volume not increased but potential diameter is increased

45
Q

Salvage cut

A

removes trees damaged by wind, fire, insects, disease, drought, flood ice storms

46
Q

Metes and Bounds survey

A

based on simple descriptions of known features and measures distance between them

NRES 250 (4 decks)

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