Exam 2 - fluids & electrolytes Flashcards
Active Transport
- Physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
- Movement against the concentration gradient
- Sodium-potassium pump maintains the higher concentration of extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium
- Requires adenosine (ATP) for energy
Filtration
•Movement of water and solutes from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance.. What is it? goals?
- Necessary for life and homeostasis
* Nursing role is to help prevent and treat fluid and electrolyte disturbances
Fluid…
- Approximately 60% of the typical adult is fluid
* Varies with age, body size, and gender
What is “Third Spacing” ?
loss of ECF into a space that does not contribute to equilibrium
Movement of fluid through the capillary wall depends on?
–Hydrostatic pressure =Pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels
–Osmotic pressure= Pressure exerted by the protein in the plasma
The direction of fluid movement depends on….
the differences of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
What are electrolytes?
•Active chemicals that carry positive (cations) and negative (anions) electrical charges
What are the major cations?
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Hydrogen Ions
What are the major anions?
– Chloride
– Bicarbonate
– Phosphate
– Sulfate
Extracellular fluid has high concentrations of what?
- Na+
- Clˉ
- HCO3-
Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of what
- K+
- PO4—
- Mg++
What is Osmosis?
•Movement of fluid from and area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules and ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Route of gain for fluid &electrolytes?
–Dietary intake of fluid and food or enteral feeding
–Parenteral fluids
Routes of fluid and electrolyte loss?
–Kidneys via Urine output
–Skin loss: sensible and insensible losses
What maintiains homeostasis in the body?
–Kidneys –Hormones –ADH –Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system –Atrial natriuretic system
What are the main electrolytes that need to be maintained???
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Chloride
- Phosphate
- Bicarbonate
Ph measures, what do high and low PH mean?
- Low pH = acidic
* High pH = alkalinic
How do body fluids maintain their PH??
•Body fluids maintained between pH of 7.35 and 7.45 by
–Buffers
–Respiratory regulation
–Renal regulation
What do buffers do?
•Prevent excessive changes in pH
What do buffers do?
•Prevent excessive changes in pH
What is the major buffer in EFC?
HCO3- and H2CO3
What are some examples of other buffers?
–Plasma proteins
–Hemoglobin
–Phosphates