Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 Finals > Exam 2 final > Flashcards

Exam 2 final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the cardiovascular system and their functions?

A

Pulmonary circuit:
Systemic circuit:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pulmonary circuit:

A

Carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Systemic circuit:

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the three layers of the heart wall and their histological differences.

A

Epicardium: Outer layer, connective tissue and epithelial cells.
Myocardium: Middle layer, thick cardiac muscle.
Endocardium: Inner layer, smooth endothelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chambers:

A

Left and right atria, left and right ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Valves:

A

Tricuspid (right atrium to right ventricle),

bicuspid/mitral (left atrium to left ventricle),

pulmonary (right ventricle to pulmonary artery),

aortic (left ventricle to aorta).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fibrous skeleton:

A

Dense connective tissue supporting the heart’s structure and valve function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Great vessels:

A

Aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chordae tendineae:

A

Tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the heart valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Papillary muscles:

A

Contract to prevent valve prolapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Contractile cells:

A

Generate force for heart contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Left ventricle:

A

Thickest wall, pumps blood to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atria:

A

hinner walls than ventricles, receive blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system and the path of electrical signals.

A

Path: SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Right and Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Right ventricle:

A

Thinner wall, pumps blood to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autorhythmic cells:

A

Set heart rhythm (SA node, AV node).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the chronological order of cell excitation and muscular contraction?

A

Excitation: SA node → atrial depolarization → AV node → ventricular depolarization → repolarization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cause of heart sounds?

A

Heart sounds are caused by the closure of heart valves (S1, S2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the mechanism of rhythmic depolarization in the SA node.

A

The SA node depolarizes due to pacemaker potentials (slow Na+ influx, followed by Ca2+ influx) leading to an action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diastole:

A

Relaxation phase of the heart.`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Systole:

A

Contraction phase of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain how contractile cells depolarize, show a plateau, and repolarize.

A

Depolarization: Na+ influx.
Plateau: Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux.
Repolarization: K+ efflux.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the relationship between fluid volume, pressure, flow, and resistance in the cardiovascular system.

A

Flow is inversely proportional to resistance and directly proportional to pressure difference.

9
Q

Hormones: influence cardiac output?

A

Adrenaline increases HR, thyroid hormones affect contractility.

9
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? Describe the 4 phases.

A

Phases:
Ventricular filling: AV valves open in ventricle is relaxed, and blood flows from atrial to ventricle

Isometric contractions: valves are closed and pressure is building so it can contract.

Ventricular ejection: ejecting the blood

Iovolumetric relaxation: venture clothes, relax, atria is relaxed and filling up, and the SL valves are closed, and the AV valves will open again and the cycle begins

10
Q

define heart rate and equation

A

HR: Beats per minute.

10
Q

define stroke volume and equation

A

Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

SV = EDV - ESV

10
Q

Define cardiac output and equation

EF: SV/EDV × 100

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute,

CO = HR × SV

10
Q

Autonomic NS: influence cardiac output?

A

Sympathetic (increases HR), parasympathetic (decreases HR).

10
Q

Where does the exchange between the two systems occur?

A

In the alveolar capillaries: Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled during respiration.

10
Q

Trained athletes: influence cardiac output?

A

: Lower resting HR, higher SV, improved cardiac efficiency.

10
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, pH regulation, protection from inhaled particles, sound production, sense of smell, venous return.

10
Q

Define mean arterial pressure (MAP) and its regulation.

A

It is regulated by vasodilation/constriction, blood volume, and heart rate.

MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP).

10
Q

How do calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) affect cardiac output?

A

Ca2+: High levels increase contractility; low levels cause weak contractions.

K+: High levels cause arrhythmias; low levels reduce contractility.

10
Q

What are the structures of the conducting and respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone: Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

Respiratory zone: Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

10
Q

How does the pressure gradient impact airflow in the respiratory system?

A

Air flows from high to low pressure areas. The diaphragm and chest wall create this gradient.

10
Q

What are the functions of Type I and Type II cells in the alveoli?

A

Type I: Gas exchange.
Type II: Secrete surfactant.

10
Q

What are the different lung volumes and capacities?

A

Tidal volume (TV):

10
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):

A

Extra inhaled air.

10
Q

Tidal volume (TV):

A

Normal inhalation/exhalation.

10
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):

A

Extra exhaled air.

10
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli and capillaries?

A

Gas exchange occurs via diffusion across the alveolar and capillary membranes due to concentration gradients of O2 and CO2.

10
Q

Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in pH homeostasis.

A

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate to regulate pH.

10
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC):

A

Total air the lungs can hold.

10
Q

How are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems linked?

A

Both systems involve cycles (ventilation/circulation), bulk flow, exchange of gases, and require muscle involvement.

10
Q

How does the pressure gradient impact the flow of air?

A

Air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. In the respiratory system,

the movement of air into and out of the lungs is driven by the pressure differences between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure).

11
Q

Surface tension:

A

The surfactant in the alveoli reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse and allowing efficient airflow.

12
Q

What is the significance of the pressure gradient in gas exchange?

A

The pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the capillary blood is essential for gas exchange. Oxygen moves from areas of higher pressure (in the alveoli) to lower pressure (in the blood), and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction.

13
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Cardiac reserve is the difference between the maximum cardiac output (CO) that the heart can achieve under stress (such as during exercise) and the normal resting cardiac output. It reflects the heart’s ability to increase output when needed, such as during physical activity or stress.

14
Q

Why do arterioles have a greater impact on tissue perfusion than other vessels?

A

Arterioles are the primary site of vascular resistance, and their diameter can adjust to regulate blood flow to specific tissues. By constricting or dilating, arterioles control how much blood reaches the capillaries, which directly impacts tissue perfusion.

15
Q

What is the function of the three types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal?

A

Continuous capillaries allow for small molecule exchange, fenestrated capillaries allow for larger molecules to pass through, and sinusoidal capillaries allow for even larger molecules and cells to pass through due to their wide openings.

16
Q

How is venous return facilitated when an individual is standing?

A

Venous return is assisted by the muscle pump (muscle contractions that help push blood back to the heart), the one-way valves in veins that prevent backflow, and respiratory pump (changes in pressure during breathing).

17
Q

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?

A

RAAS regulates blood pressure by controlling blood volume. When blood pressure drops, renin is released, converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, which constricts blood vessels and triggers aldosterone release, increasing sodium and water retention to raise blood volume and pressure.

18
Q

What is the hypotension and and what are the causes and treatments?

A

Hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure, which can be caused by dehydration, heart problems, or blood loss. Treatments may include increasing fluid intake, medication, or addressing the underlying cause.

19
Q

Hypertension what are the causes and treatments?

A

is abnormally high blood pressure, often caused by high salt intake, obesity, or stress. Treatments include lifestyle changes, medication, and managing underlying conditions.

A&P 2 Finals (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions