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A&P 2 Finals > Exam 1 final > Flashcards

Exam 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of blood?

A

Oxygen transport, nutrient delivery, waste removal, temperature regulation, pH balance, and immune defense.

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2
Q

How does blood contribute to homeostasis?

A

Blood maintains fluid balance, regulates body temperature, pH, and transports hormones, gases, and nutrients.

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3
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Blood consists of plasma (55%) a

formed elements (45%), which include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the non-living fluid matrix of blood, composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.

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5
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

The formed elements are erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).

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6
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

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7
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes protect the body against infections and foreign substances.

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8
Q

What is the role of thrombocytes?

A

Thrombocytes are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

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9
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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10
Q

Q: What is leukopoiesis?

A

Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells (leukocytes).

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11
Q

Q: What is erythropoiesis?

How does it occur

A

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Erythropoietin is released by kidney And stimulates red bone marrow to create RBC

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12
Q

Q: What is thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoiesis is the production of platelets (thrombocytes).

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13
Q

Q: What is diapedesis?

A

Diapedesis is the process by which leukocytes move through the walls of blood vessels to reach sites of infection or injury.

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14
Q

What is hemostasis? And steps

A

Hemostasis is the process that prevents and stops bleeding through blood clot formation.

  1. Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction
  2. Plug formation: activate platelets to plug injury
  3. Coagulation: in acting intrinsic pathway or extrinsic pathway. Farms mesh that trapped the red blood cells around the clot.

3.

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15
Q

Q: What is hemolysis?

A

Hemolysis is the breakdown or destruction of red blood cells.

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16
Q

plasma

A

is the liquid component of blood without cells;

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17
Q

Q: What is whole blood?

A

Whole blood includes plasma and formed elements;

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18
Q

serum \

A

is plasma without clotting factors.

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19
Q

Q: What is the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A

The intrinsic pathway is triggered by damage to the blood vessel wall and leads to the activation of clotting factors.

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20
Q

Q: What is the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A

The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor (TF) from damaged tissues, leading to clot formation.

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21
Q

Q: What are the common pathway in blood clotting?

Fribrinolysis?

A

The common pathway is where the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot.,

Remove a clot after healing

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22
Q

Q: How are positive and negative feedback involved in blood clotting?

A

Positive feedback amplifies the clotting process, while negative feedback prevents excessive clotting once the bleeding has stopped.

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23
Q

Q: What hormone regulates the production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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24
Q

Q: What hormone regulates the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin regulates the production of platelets from the bone marrow.

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25
Q

Q: What is the shape and function of erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes are biconcave, allowing them to efficiently carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

26
Q

Q: How does hemoglobin bind to oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhemoglobin and binds carbon dioxide in tissues to form carbaminohemoglobin.

27
Q

Q: What is the process of red blood cell production and destruction?

A

RBCs are produced in the bone marrow, and their components are recycled in the liver and spleen after their lifespan of about 120 days.

28
Q

Q: What vitamins and minerals are needed for RBC production?

A

Vitamin B12, folate, and iron are essential for RBC production.

29
Q

Q: What is anemia?

A

Anemia is a condition characterized by a low RBC or hemoglobin count, leading to reduced oxygen transport.

30
Q

Q: What is polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia is the condition of having an excess of red blood cells.

31
Q

Q: What is sickle cell disease?

A

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder where hemoglobin forms abnormal shapes, causing RBCs to become rigid and block blood flow.

32
Q

Q: What are the ABO blood types?

A

The ABO blood system includes type A, type B, type AB, and type O, based on the presence or absence of antigens on RBCs.

33
Q

Q: What is the Rh blood group system?

A

the Rh system involves the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of the Rh antigen on RBCs.

34
Q

Q: Who are universal donors and receivers?

A

Type O negative is the universal donor, and type AB positive is the universal receiver.

35
Q

Q: What is erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?

A

It occurs when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus, and she creates antibodies against rh+. Still has a healthy baby.

In second pregnancy, the mom’s Auntie TRH Auntie anti antibodies will destroy the RBC of the RH plus baby

36
Q

Q: What are the two groups of leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes ) and agranulocytes

37
Q

granulocytes and function

A

(neutrophils: phagocytic,
eosinophils: antihistamine and deals with asthma
, basophils: contains histamine

38
Q

agranulocytes. And function.

A

lymphocytes,: has T cells and B cells

monocytes: turns into macrophages and our phagocytic cell

38
Q

Q: What is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

APCs present antigens to T cells, activating the adaptive immune response.

39
Q

Q: What is innate immunity?

A

Innate immunity is non-specific and provides immediate defense against pathogens.

Line of defense is First skin: surface barrier, then phagocytes, fever, inflammation : internal defenses

39
Q

Q: What is adaptive immunity?

Humoral and cellular immunity

A

Adaptive immunity is specific and involves memory responses to pathogens, providing long-term protection.

Humoral , immunity: b cell to produce antibiotics to neutralize pathogens

Cellular immunity: T cells that directly attack infected cells

40
Q

Q: What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats from the digestive system, and defends against infections.

41
Q

Q: How is lymph formed?

A

Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.

42
Q

Q: How is lymph returned to the bloodstream?

A

A: Lymph is returned to the bloodstream through the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

43
Q

Q: What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where immune cells are produced and mature.

43
Q

Q: What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT).

43
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume that is composed of red blood cells (RBCs). It is measured by centrifuging blood and calculating the volume of RBCs compared to total blood volume.

43
Q

Q: What is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries have endothelial cells with flap-like valves that allow interstitial fluid to enter.

44
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

Blood viscosity is the thickness or stickiness of blood. It refers to the resistance of blood flow, which is influenced by factors such as RBC concentration, plasma protein levels, and temperature.

45
Q

How does hematocrit affect blood viscosity?

A

Hematocrit directly influences blood viscosity. As the hematocrit increases (more RBCs), the blood becomes thicker, leading to higher viscosity. Higher viscosity makes it harder for the heart to pump blood, increasing the risk of clotting and strain on the cardiovascular system.

46
Q

What are the consequences of increased blood viscosity?

A
  • Reduced blood flow: Thicker blood flows more slowly, impairing oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues.
  • Increased workload on the heart: The heart has to work harder to pump viscous blood, which can lead to cardiovascular strain.
  • Increased risk of clotting: Higher viscosity increases the likelihood of thrombus (clot) formation, leading to potential complications like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or stroke.
47
Q

Polycythemia:

A

A condition where hematocrit is abnormally high, leading to increased blood viscosity.

48
Q

What happens if hematocrit is too low?

A

Low hematocrit (anemia) leads to reduced RBCs in the blood, resulting in:

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity: Less hemoglobin to transport oxygen, leading to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
Lower viscosity: Thinner blood increases the risk of excessive bleeding due to less clotting capacity.

49
Q

Anemia:

A

A condition characterized by low hematocrit, leading to reduced viscosity and impaired oxygen transport.

50
Q

Dehydration:

A

Can artificially increase hematocrit by decreasing plasma volume, resulting in higher viscosity.

51
Q

What are the clinical implications of high hematocrit (polycythemia)?

A

Increased risk of thrombosis (clot formation).
Higher chance of stroke, heart attack, and deep vein thrombosis due to thick blood.

52
Q

Active immunity:

A

The immune system actively responds to an antigen through the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells. It results from exposure to pathogens or vaccines and provides long-term protection.

53
Q

Passive immunity:

A

Immunity that is “borrowed” from another source, such as maternal antibodies passed to the fetus or through antibody injections. It provides short-term protection and does not stimulate the recipient’s immune system.

54
Q

Cellular immunity:

A

Involves T cells (e.g., cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells) that directly attack infected cells or coordinate the immune response.

55
Q

Humoral immunity:

A

Involves B cells that produce antibodies to neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.

A&P 2 Finals (3 decks)

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