Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Qualitative methods > Exam 2 (final) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (final) Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnography?

A

Refers to both a method of data collection and a written product
- Naturalistic
- Typically includes interviews and gathering documents to supplement observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an ethnography committed to understanding?

A

the POVs of participants
- “insider accounts”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long does it take to do an ethnography?

A
  • Immersion over an extended period of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 forms of ethnography

A
  • overt/open setting
  • covert/open setting
  • covert/closed setting
  • covert/closed setting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the problem of access in ethnographies?

A
  • Importance of sponsors and advocates
  • The “research bargain”
  • Physical and social access are not the same
  • Access is not negotiated once and for all
  • Continued access often requires renegotiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the ethnographer roles?

A
  1. Covert full member
  2. Overt full member
  3. Participating observer
  4. Partially participating observer
  5. Minimally participating observer
  6. Non-participating observer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covert full member

A

Full membership in group, researcher status unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Overt full member

A

Full membership, researcher status is known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Participating observer

A

Participates but not as a full member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Partially participating observer

A

Same as participating observer but observation is not the main data source
- Interviews and documents can be more important data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Minimally participating observer

A

Minimal participation in core activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-participating observer

A

Observes but does not participate
- Interviews are often main sources of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are field notes?

A

Field notes are data produced by a fieldworker
- Passage from full field notes will often appear word for word in the finished ethnography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do field notes include?

A

Observations, dialogue, and thoughts about what is experienced in the field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What should field notes be like?

A
  • Should be written down as quickly as possible
  • Should be vivid and clear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Main types of field notes

A
  • Main notes
  • Jotted notes
  • Full field notes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mental notes are particularly useful when

A

it is inappropriate to be seen taking notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Jotted notes

A

Very brief notes written down on pieces of paper or in small notebooks to jog one’s memory about events that should be written up later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Full field notes

A

Detailed notes about specific incidents, made as soon as possible, which will be your main data source.
- Thick description of selected moments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Other types of field notes

A
  • Methodological notes
  • Notes on emerging theories/interpretations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Methodological notes

A

Notes devoted to methodological decisions, that help to document the process of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Notes on emerging theories/interpretations

A

Many ethnographers prefer to keep “objective” descriptions and
“ subjective” interpretations separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tips for writing field notes

A
  • Write the data, time and place of of the observation
  • Use your surrounding
  • Use voice recording
  • Describe sensory impressions
  • Write down questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are finished field notes supposed to look like?

A

There is no one way to write them.
- Each writer will emphasize different things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is meant by a “thick description”?

A
  • Not just a description of behaviors, but explanation of significance in the context of the community you are studying
  • Actions, thoughts, emotions and motivations
  • Rich detail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Autoethnography

A

Combines autobiography and ethnography
- writing about personal experiences
- studying cultural practices and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Autobiography characteristics

A
  • Written retrospectively and selectively
  • Often involves interviewing others and consulting texts like photographs and journals
  • Focuses on “epiphanies” or significant life moments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ethnography characteristics

A

Studies cultural practices, values and shared experiences
- Involves participant observation, field notes and interviews
- Examines cultural artifacts and texts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Autoethnography proces

A
  • Retrospectively and selectively writes about epiphanies related to cultural identity
  • Requires analysis of experiences using theoretical and methodological tools
  • Aims to illustrate cultural experiences for both insiders and outsiders
  • May involve comparing personal experiences with existing research
30
Q

Tips for writing field notes (pt.2)

A
  • Not initial impressions using senses
  • Look for events or incidents
  • Show, don’t tell
  • Take note of your personal experience
  • Note what other people seem to consider significant
31
Q

Advantages of observation

A
  • Seeing through other’s eyes
  • Learning the native language
  • Taken for granted ideas more likely to be revealed
  • Access to deviant or hidden activities
  • Sensitivity to context of action
  • Openness and flexibility to encounter the unexpected
  • Immersive experience
  • Finding out about issues that can’t be observed
  • More ethical
  • Less intrusive
  • Greater breadth of coverage
  • Specific focus
32
Q

Interviewing as a research method

A

In-depth interviewing is a qualitative research method in which the researcher asks open-ended questions to elicit as much detail as possible from the interviewee
- Ask about experiences, understandings, thoughts, feelings, and/or beliefs
- Good to answer how and why events occur
- Does not measure the extent of a phenomenon, it understands phenomenon deeply and in detail

33
Q

Qualitative interviews (vs quantitative)

A
  • less structured
  • participants viewpoint
  • encourage “rambling”
  • are more flexible
  • rich, detail answers
  • aim to understand rather than organize
34
Q

Types of qualitative interviews

A
  1. Semi-structured: prepared list of questions and follow-ups but retains freedom to ask other questions
  2. Unstructured:
    - Used by ethnographers
    - no interview schedule
    - highly flexible
    - few, loose defined points
    - open ended
35
Q

What is a list of questions and follow-up probes called in an interview

A

Interview schedule/guide

36
Q

Focus groups

A

A group interview led by a moderator on a specific topic

37
Q

Who has long used focus groups for market research?

A

Advertising agencies

38
Q

What can focus groups help us understand?

A
  • Individuals in a group/social context
  • Collective identities
  • What people think about a specific issue
  • Range of views that people hold and why
  • What people feel is important
  • How views are formed and modified in interactions
  • meanings in everyday life
39
Q

Focus groups (vs interviews)

A
  • Designed to capture interaction and group meaning
  • Can be used to obtain more realistic data about people’s opinions
  • Give participants more freedom to shape discussion
40
Q

Focus groups (sampling and recruitment)

A
  • Non-representative sample
  • Homogeneity (shared experience or characteristic)
  • Screening criteria are often used to identify relevant participants
41
Q

How many groups are enough (focus groups)?

A
  • Depends on research objective and extent of diversity of views
  • Goal is saturation of major analytic categories
  • Usually 3-4 groups are enough
42
Q

How many people per group (focus groups)?

A
  • 6 to 10
  • Smaller groups may be better for certain topics
  • Larger groups may be better if involvement may be low or research generates short answers
43
Q

What is the role of the moderator in a focus group?

A
  • Stimulate discussion
  • Allow free reign
  • Only intervenes if necessary
  • Makes sure everyone is included (and no single person dominates)
  • Follows up on potentially relevant topics
44
Q

Complementary interactions

A

Reveal dominant frameworks of understanding and how collective ideas emerge in interaction

45
Q

Argumentative interactions

A

Reveal differences of opinions

46
Q

Online focus groups advantages

A
  • Cost-effective
  • Convenient
  • Video recorded
  • Can help with anonymity/confidentiality
  • Home environment
47
Q

Online focus groups disadvantages

A
  • Lower quality data
  • Limited online access
  • Rapport more difficult
  • Probing more difficult
  • Technical glitches
  • Lack of non-verbal cues
48
Q

Limitations of focus groups

A
  • Less control over discussion
  • Can be difficult to analyze
  • Can be difficult to organize
  • Transcript is time-consuming
  • Overlapping speech
  • Potential group effects
  • Influenced by group norms
  • Can make participants uncomfortable
49
Q

Is “less control over discussion” a weakness or strength of a focus group?

A

both

50
Q

What is conversational analysis?

A

Studies naturally occurring conversation in a hyper-detailed way
- Posits that even seemingly casual conversations are structured and organized in patterns
- Reveals implicit rules that govern social interactions

51
Q

How does Conversational analysis see talk?

A

Sees talk as a way to perform social actions and accomplish certain objectives

52
Q

Discourse analysis

A

DA is an approach to analyzing language and it incorporates insights from CA. Unlike CA, DA can be applied to forms of communication other than talk.

53
Q

Discourse

A

Discourse refers to the way language frames the way we understand societal objects
- Language is understood as constituting the social world

54
Q

2 distinctive features of discourse analysis

A
  1. Anti-realist epistemology
  2. Constructionist ontology
55
Q

Anti-realist epistemology

A

We cannot know or describe “social reality” as such
- A final or definitive account of the social world cannot be produced

56
Q

Constructionist ontology

A

What “exists” are versions of social reality as understood by people
- Discourse constructs particular versions of reality from among many possible versions

57
Q

4 themes in discourse analysis

A
  1. discourse is a topic, not just a resource
  2. language is constructive
  3. discourse is a form of action
  4. discourse is rhetorically organized
58
Q

Critical discourse analysis (CDA)

A

CDA emphasizes the role of language as a resource that is connected to power, ideology and social change
- Argues that discourses should be understood in relation to social structures and power relations
- Discourses operate ideologically by legitimizing certain versions of reality over others

59
Q

What is materials based research?

A

The term materials refers to the preexisting information used as the basis of research
- Personal documents
- Official documents
- Media

60
Q

Materials-based methods

A

Social research methods that involve analyzing existing materials rather than interviewing, surveying, or observing people

61
Q

Reasons to use materials-based research

A
  • People are not always the best source (about macro-level phenomena, about themselves, etc)
  • To study the past - rely on documents
  • Facilitate studies that would otherwise be hard to carry out
  • Triangulation
62
Q

Limitations of materials-based research

A
  • Material they need may not exist
  • High costs
  • Data can be in another language
  • Data may not be accessible (privacy and security concerns)
63
Q

Qualitative methods for analyzing documents

A
  1. Locate materials
  2. Assess their quality
  3. Choose analytical methods
64
Q

Qualitative content analysis

A
  • searching of underlying themes in the materials
  • can help reveal hidden messages
  • often involves constant revision
65
Q

Semiotics

A

Method for analyzing how signs work to convey meaning
- Signs made up of signifier and signified
- Signs usually have connotations and denotations

66
Q

Step 0 in analyzing your data

A

Choose your overall approach
- Inductive
- Deductive
- Abductive

67
Q

Inductive approach: grounded theory

A

Not actually a theory in itself (more an approach)
- Data collection and analysis are done hand-in-hand, with constant checking back and forth (iterative process)

68
Q

Tools of grounded theory

A
  • Theoretical sampling
  • Coding
  • Theoretical saturation
  • Constant comparison
69
Q

The extended case study approach is a

A

deductive approach to qualitative research

70
Q

Coding

A

the process of translating written or visual materials into standardized categories
- Involves tagging or labelling data

71
Q

What are memos?

A

Memos are conceptual or analytic notes about your data

72
Q

What should you write about in memos?

A
  • Thoughts about codes or relationships among codes
  • Emerging insights, categories, or themes
  • Questions for further research

Qualitative methods (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions