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Qualitative methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Distinctive features of qualitative research

A
  1. Inductive
  2. Interpretivist
  3. Constructionist
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2
Q

Inductive

A

With an inductive approach, research comes first and theory follows

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3
Q

Interpretivist

A

The focus is on understanding the social world via the interpretations that humans make of it

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4
Q

Constructionist

A

Social realities exist as the result of the interactions of individuals. They are not “things” that exist outside of people and their interactions

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5
Q

Inductive approach

A

From the ground up: theory is generated from research

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6
Q

Deductive approach

A

Begins from existing theories or hypotheses

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7
Q

Abductive

A

Reflects a middle ground between inductive and deductive approaches
- Collecting data about how participants see the world is the point of departure
- The theoretical account might borrow from existing literature but remains grounded in the worldview of participants

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8
Q

Epistemology asks the question…

A

How can we know the social world?

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9
Q

Interpretivist standpoint

A

We can know the social world via the interpretations that participants make of it

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10
Q

Positivist standpoint

A
  • Contrasts with the interpretivist standpoint.
    Assumes we can use the scientific method to determine some “universal laws” or “objective causes” of human behavior
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11
Q

Ontology asks…

A

What is the nature of the social world? What is real? What exists?

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12
Q

Constructionism

A

For constructionism, “social properties are seen as outcomes of the interactions between individuals, rather than phenomena ‘out there’ and separate from those involved in constructing them”

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13
Q

Steps in qualitative research

A
  • General research question
  • Selection of relevant sites and subjects
  • Collection of relevant data
  • Interpretation of data
  • Conceptual and theoretical framework
  • Tighter specification of research question
  • Writing up findings and conclusions
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14
Q

Are words qual or quan

A

QUAL

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15
Q

Is POV of participants quan or qual

A

QUAL

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16
Q

Is researcher distant qual or quan?

A

QUAN

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17
Q

Is “theory emerges from data” quan or qual?

A

QUAL

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18
Q

Is “emphasis on process” qual or quan?

A

QUAL

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19
Q

Is “micro” quan or qual?

A

QUAL

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20
Q

Research methods in qualitative social research (categories)

A
  1. Data as observation
  2. Data as talk
  3. Data as text
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21
Q

Data as observation

A
  • Ethnography
  • Participant observation
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22
Q

Data as talk

A
  • In-depth interviewing
  • Life histories
  • Focus groups
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23
Q

Data as text

A
  • Archival research (texts and documents)
  • Discourse and conversation analysis
  • Comparative historical research
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24
Q

Reliability asks…

A

Are measures consistent?

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25
Q

Validity asks…

A

Are conclusions believable?

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26
Q

Replicability asks…

A

Is the study repeatable?

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27
Q

Research strategy

A

The general approach to research
- Qualitative
- Quantitative

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28
Q

Research design

A

The general framework for the collection and analysis of data
- Case study
- Longitudinal
- Comparative
- Cross sectional

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29
Q

Research method

A

The technique with which the data is collected
- Participant observation
- Interviews
- Focus groups
- Text-based

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30
Q

Cross sectional design

A

Looking at a sample of cases to look for patterns of association/themes
- At a single period of time

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31
Q

Typical forms of cross sectional design

A
  • Survey research
  • Structured observation
  • Qualitative interviews
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32
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Data-gathering of the same sample that is repeated on more than one occasion over time
- Used to observe change

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33
Q

Is longitudinal qualitative or quantitative?

A

It can be BOTH

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34
Q

Typical forms of longitudinal design:

A
  • Surveys
  • Content analysis
  • Ethnographies
  • Interviews
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35
Q

Case study design

A

Detailed and intensive analysis of one case

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36
Q

Typical forms of case study design

A
  • Surveys
  • Ethnographies
  • Interviews in a particular setting
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37
Q

Case studies can be both

A

longitudinal and comparative

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38
Q

Are case studies qualitative or quantitative?

A

They can be BOTH

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39
Q

Comparative design

A

Using the same methods to compare two ore more meaningfully contrasting cases
- Often involves cross-cultural comparisons

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40
Q

Is comparative design quantitative or qualitative?

A

Can be BOTH

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41
Q

Nuremberg code (1947)

A

A set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in US vs Brandt

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42
Q

Nuremberg code characteristics

A
  • Voluntary consent
  • Fruitful results for the good of society
  • Avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering
  • Degree of risk
  • Liberty to bring the experiment to an end
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43
Q

4 keys to ethical social research

A
  1. No harm
  2. Informed consent
  3. Privacy
  4. Deception
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44
Q

What is considered harm?

A
  • Physical harm
  • Damaging self esteem or development
  • Causing stress
  • Hurting career opportunities
  • Breaking confidentiality
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45
Q

Informed consent

A

Risks and benefits have been explained and they write a document or orally

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46
Q

Privacy

A
  • The participants does not entirely give up the right to privacy with informed consent
  • Linked to issues of anonymity and confidentiality
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47
Q

Covert methods are usually deemed…

A

Violations of the privacy principle

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48
Q

Confidentiality

A

Only the researchers collecting or analyzing the data have access to respondents’ personal information

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49
Q

Anonymity

A

No way to identify a person

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50
Q

Deception

A

Presenting your research as something other than it is

51
Q

Ethical stances

A
  • Universalist
  • Situational
  • Widespread
  • Anything goes
  • Deontological
  • Consequentialist
52
Q

Universalist

A

Violating ethical principles is always wrong in a moral sense

53
Q

Situational

A

Principled relativism (it depends)

54
Q

Widespread

A

Deception is intrinsic to social life

55
Q

Anything goes

A

Deception is trivial

56
Q

Deontological

A

Stresses the adherence to moral rules or duties regardless of possible consequences

57
Q

Consequentialist

A

Right or wrong determined by likely consequences

58
Q

The ethical stance consequentialist opposes…

A

Deontological

59
Q

Milgram experiment

A

Not qualitative - ethical breaches

60
Q

Zimbardo prison experiment

A

Not qualitative - ethical breaches

61
Q

Humphrey’s Tea Room Trade

A

Qualitative - Covert
Homosexual encounters in public places

62
Q

Which studies were related to obedience in prisoner camps?

A

Zimbardo and Milgram

63
Q

Descriptive research

A

Concerned with questions of what, where, when, who and how. Describes aspects of social life from the POV of participants.

64
Q

Explanatory research

A

Concerned with explaining why and how particular processes and dynamics unfold from the perspective of participants.

65
Q

Potential sources of research questions

A
  • Personal interest/experience
  • Theory
  • Existing literature
  • Replication
  • Social problems
  • New developments
  • Puzzles/paradoxes
66
Q

Process of research question

A
  1. Initial question
  2. Lit review
  3. Pilot study
  4. Preliminary findings
  5. Final research question
67
Q

Research questions are critical because

A

They guide your literature search, your decisions about research design, the type of data you will collect and from who, etc.
- They will stop you from losing focus

68
Q

Criteria for evaluating research questions

A
  • Clear
  • Researchable
  • Connected to theory
  • Original contribution
  • Ethical
  • Appropriate for qualitative approach
69
Q

What is a literature review

A
  • Surveys existing research on a topic
  • Provides a description, summary and critical evaluation of past research
  • Shows how your research fits within a larger field
70
Q

Annotated bibliography

A

Evaluating various examples of research on your topic
- Before Literature review

71
Q

Narrative reviews

A

Narrative reviews summarize key works selected by the author

72
Q

Systematic reviews

A

Review all relevant literature on a topic, as determined by formal criteria

73
Q

The literature review is a … of what you read, not just a bunch of …

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Summaries
74
Q

Key purposes of the literature review (for reader)

A

Tells reader…
- What is already known about the topic
- What concepts and theories have been applied
- Which research methods were applied
- Clashes of evidence
- Key contributors

75
Q

Other purposes of literature review

A
  • Understand contribution
  • Identify new ways to interpret existing research
  • Reveal gaps
  • Resolve conflicts
  • Avoid overlaps
76
Q

How should you select sources?

A
  • High quality
  • Peer review
  • Avoid secondary sources
77
Q

Bad sources

A
  • High fees
  • Lack of peer review
  • Aggressive solicitation
  • Misleading information
78
Q

Approaches to structure literature review

A
  • By theme
  • Theoretical vs. empirical research
  • Chronological
  • Other possibilities
79
Q

Reliability

A

How sure are we about the extent to which measurements used in the study are repeatable, stable and consistent?

80
Q

Validity

A

How sure can we be about the conclusions of a study and can they be generalized?

81
Q

Replicability

A

Is the study repeatable?

82
Q

What are the options to apply validity and reliability in qualitative research?

A
  1. Redefine terms
  2. Come up with new terms
83
Q

Definition of internal reliability in qualitative research

A

Whether, when there is more than one observer, members of the research team agree about what they see and hear.

84
Q

Definition of external reliability in qualitative research

A

The degree to which a study can be replicated.

85
Q

Definition of internal validity in qualitative research

A

Whether there is a good fit between researchers’ observations and the theoretical ideas they develop.

86
Q

Definition of external validity in qualitative research

A

The degree to which findings can be generalized across social settings.

87
Q

Alternative criteria

A
  1. Trustworthiness
  2. Authenticity
88
Q

Trustworthiness

A
  • Credibility
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Confirmability
89
Q

Authenticity

A
  • Fairness
  • Ontological
  • Educative
  • Catalytic
  • Tactical
90
Q

Credibility

A

Respondent validation/triangulation

91
Q

Transferability

A

Thick description allows comparison

92
Q

Dependability

A

Peer auditing of methods, procedures, and inferences

93
Q

Confirmability

A

Evaluation of good faith of researcher

94
Q

Fairness

A

Fair representation of different viewpoints

95
Q

Ontological

A

Leads participants to a better understanding of the social situation

96
Q

Educative

A

Better appreciation of other’s perspectives

97
Q

Catalytic

A

Encourages change

98
Q

Sampling

A

The process of deciding what or whom to observe when you cannot observe and analyze everything or everyone

99
Q

Target population

A

The population being studied

100
Q

Sampling unit

A

The elements considered for selection in sampling (ex. people, cities…)

101
Q

Sampling frame

A

The full list (if available) of sampling units from which the sample is selected

102
Q

Probability sampling

A

Large, statistically representative sample of a population

103
Q

When is probability sampling more commonly used?

A

Quantitative research

104
Q

When probability sampling is used in qualitative research it is usually for…

A

Large-scale interview-based studies

105
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

Selecting units from a population using a non-random method

106
Q

What is NOT the aim of non-probability sampling

A

Describe characteristics of large populations

107
Q

Pro of non-probability sampling

A

More in-depth

108
Q

Con of non-probability sampling

A

Not generalizable

109
Q

Factors that affect sample choice

A
  • Time
  • Money
110
Q

What are the 2 main reasons why samples are selected?

A
  1. Their ability to exemplify the population we are interested in
  2. Their relevance to research questions
111
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Sampling strategy in which researchers choose the case or cases and participants that they believe will be especially informative for answering their research questions.

112
Q

Is purposive and convenience sampling the same?

A

NO

113
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Involves sampling whoever is available by chance because it’s cheap and convenient.

114
Q

Purposive samples can be:

A
  1. Sequential (evolving)
  2. Non-sequential (fixed from the outset)
115
Q

Types of purposive samples (cases)

A
  • Extreme/deviant case
  • Typical case
  • Critical case
116
Q

Critical case sampling

A

Type of purposive sampling.
Most likely to give you the info you need

117
Q

Types of purposive sample (units)

A
  • Maximum variation
  • Criterion
  • Theoretical sampling
  • Snowball
  • Opportunistic
  • Stratified purposive
  • Generic purposive
118
Q

Theoretical sampling

A

A sampling strategy associated with the grounded theory approach of Glaser and Strauss.
- The sampling approach evolves to fit the emerging theory

119
Q

What does theoretical sampling emphasize?

A

Theoretical saturation
- Data collection continues until all theoretical concepts are fully supported

120
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

A sampling technique that can be useful when there is no sampling frame, making probability sampling impossible

121
Q

Sample size in qualitative research

A
  • The larger the scope and the more comparisons, the larger the sample
  • Goal: saturation
122
Q

When can snowball sampling be especially useful?

A

When networks of individuals are the research focus

123
Q

Typical interview-based studies (how many interviews)?

A

20-30

Qualitative methods (2 decks)

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