EXAM 2: F&E Flashcards
1
Q
How much of body weight is water?
A
50-60%
2
Q
How much of the body is the ICF compartment and how much of the body is ECF?
A
70%; 30%
3
Q
What variations determine body fluid needs in the body?
A
- age
- body fat
- biological sex
4
Q
What is meant by sensible?
A
urination + defication
5
Q
What is meant by insensible?
A
sweat
6
Q
What are the cations?
A
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Hydrogen
- Magnesium
7
Q
What are the anions?
A
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
- Phosphate
8
Q
What are non-electrolytes?
A
- Urea
- Glucose
9
Q
How does gases enter or leave a cell?
A
by diffusion
10
Q
How does water enter or leave a cell?
A
by osmosis
11
Q
How does glucose, amino acids and salts enter or leave a cell?
A
by active transport
12
Q
What two processes are passive, requiring no ATP?
A
osmosis and diffusion
13
Q
This regulation requires energy and ATP against a concentration gradient:
A
active transport
14
Q
This regulation passes through a permeable membrane from a higher to lower pressure gradient:
A
capillary filtration
15
Q
What is a buffer?
A
solutions that contain a weak acid and conjugate base
16
Q
What is the main organ utilized in a buffer?
A
the kidneys
17
Q
What organ systems regulate hydrogen ions?
A
the respiratory and renal systems
18
Q
What is hypovolemia (dehydration)?
A
when you have less blood running through the veins; loss of water and solutes in ECF
19
Q
Who is at risk for experiencing hypovolemia?
A
- children
- elderly
- ill
20
Q
What is the different levels of severity for hypovolemia?
A
- Pronounced 5%
- Severe 8%
- Life-threatening 15%
21
Q
What is third space shift?
A
fluid is stuck in the ECF so its not running through the veins but is collecting in the transcellular space (they are dehydrated but have fluid built up)
22
Q
What is hypervolemia?
A
Intravascular compartments and interstitial spaces have a overload of blood
23
Q
What is perinsitis?
A
a local anesthetic to get fluid out
24
Q
What is 0+ edema classified as?
A
non-pitting edema that is 0mm
25
What is 1+ edema classified as?
mild pitting edema that is 2mm and disappears rapidly
26
What is 2+ edema classified as?
moderate pitting edema that is 4mm and disappears in 10-15 seconds
27
What is 3+ edema classified as?
moderately severe edema that is 6mm and a depression that last more than 1 minute
28
What is 4+ edema classified as?
severe pitting edema that is 8mm and the depression last more than 2 minutes
29
What should be the first attempt to regain F&E balance?
the diet (try changing diet before giving F&E via IV which would be the fastest route if too much has been lost)
30
What is the cause of hyponatremia?
- Loss of Na or gain of water
| - Fluid Swift Extracellular to intracellular causing, swelling
31
What are the s/sx of hyponatremia?
Confusion hypotension, edema, muscle cramps & weakness, and dry skin
32
What is considered severe hyponatremia?
Serum sodium less than 115mEq/L
33
What are the s/sx of severe hyponatremia?
Increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis and seizures***…death
34
What is the cause of hypernatremia?
- Excess water loss or excess sodium
| - Swift of fluids from the cell causing them to shrink
35
What are the s/sx of hypernatremia?
- Neurological Impairment
| - Children – Permanent brain damage
36
What are the causes of hypokalemia?
vomiting, suction, alkalosis, diarrhea (laxatives), diuretics
37
What are the s/sx of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, parathesias, and dysrhythmias***
38
What is the cause of hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, or medications
39
What are the s/sx of hyperkalemia?
- Poor nerve conduction and muscle contractility
- Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis
- Dysrhythmias and Cardiac arrest
40
What is the cause of hypocalcemia?
Decreased intake, poor absorption, excessive loss
41
What are the s/sx of hypocalcemia?
Numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth, or & feet, and seizures
42
What is the cause of hypercalcemia?
Cancer and Hyperparathyroidism
43
What are some s/sx of hypercalcemia?
bone pain, excessive urination, constipation & slurred speech
44
What is the cause of hypomagnesemia?
alcohol withdrawal, tube feedings & parental nutrition, sepsis, and burns
45
What are some s/sx of hypomagnesemia?
***tetany***, ***hyperactive deep tendon reflexes***, & respiratory paralysis
46
What is the cause of hypermagnesemia?
renal failure
47
What are the s/sx of hypermagnesemia?
loss of DTRs, resp depression, coma, & cardiac arrest
48
What is the cause of hypophosphatemia?
Administration of calories, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperventilation, insulin release,
49
What are the s/sx of hypophosphatemia?
Irritability, fatigue, weakness, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, and coma
50
What is the cause of hyperphosphatemia?
Impaired kidney excretion and Hypoparathyroidism***
51
What are the s/sx of hyperphosphatemia?
Tetany, anorexia, and tachycardia
52
What is the cause of hypochloremia?
gastric tube drainage***, metabolic acidosis
53
What are the s/sx of hypochloremia?
Hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness & muscle cramps
54
What is the cause of hyperchloremia?
Metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased sweating, excess adrenocortical hormone, and decreased glomerular filtration
55
What are the s/sx of hyperchloremia?
Tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma
56
What organ is responsible for sodium bicarbonate?
the kidneys
57
What organ is responsible for carbonic acid?
the lungs
58
What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?
sodium bicarbonate
59
What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
fluid and electrolytes
60
What condition presents with a higher level of CO2?
COPD
61
What is the treatment for respiratory acidosis?
a bronchodilator
62
What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
fluid and electrolytes
63
What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?
Alveolar Hypoventilation
64
What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Alveolar Hyperventilation
65
What should always be taken and monitored in patients with F&E imbalance?
I/O (may not always balance out)
66
When/how should daily weights be taken?
in the morning at the same time and in the same clothing
67
Where should the fluid balance be maintained?
at 2,500ml I&O over 3 days
68
All IV fluid therapy should be done using what technique?
the sterile technique
69
How should IVs be placed?
- do not place in dominant arm
- choose most distal site as possible
- you can always go up on the arm but never lower on the arm
70
What are the different types of vascular access devices?
- Peripheral venous catheters
- Midline peripheral catheters
- Central venous catheters
71
This IV solution will cause the cell to shrink and edema:
hypertonic solution
72
This IV solution will cause the cell to swell and dehydration?
hypotonic solution
73
What are the rules when giving blood products?
- two nurse check
> if a home RN, another responsible adult must be present
- type and cross check
- vitals signs should be rechecked in 15 minutes after starting the transfusion
- the infusion must start within 30 minutes
- infusion unit must be completed within 4 hours or discarded because after 4 hours the blood will start to clot
74
An adult IV catheter is what size?
20-24g
75
An adult rapid infusion catheter is what size?
14-18g
76
If a patients temperature rises over 100 F(38C) during a blood transfusion, what should you do?
stop the transfusion ASAP
77
An acute adverse reaction to a blood transfusion can occur within?
24 hours
78
An delayed adverse reaction to a blood transfusion can occur within?
1 day to several days
79
What are the different types of parenteral nutritions?
- central parental nutrition (central line)
| - peripheral central parenteral nutrition (PICC line)
80
Who can benefit from parental nutrition?
Patients who:
- have nonfunctional GI tracts
- are comatose
- have high caloric needs
- are on aggressive cancer therapy
- have burns, surgery, sepsis, or multiple fractures
81
What are some complications of parental nutrition?
- Catheter-related infection
| - Electrolyte imbalances
82
This parental nutrition is expensive ($1k-$1500k/bag) but contains everything the patient needs:
TPN
83
What are the normal lab values for potassium?
3.5-5.0
84
What are the normal lab values for magnesium?
1.5-2.5
85
What are the normal lab values for calcium?
8.5-10.5
86
What are the normal lab values for phosphorus?
2.5-4.5
87
What are the normal lab values for chloride?
95-105
88
What are the ABGs?
```
pH = 7.35-7.45
pCO2 = 35-45
HCO3 = 22-26
pO2 = 80-100
```
89
What is the normal range for Hct? What is the normal range for Hgb?
36%-52%; 12-17
