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ADULT 1 > EXAM 2: F&E > Flashcards

EXAM 2: F&E Flashcards

1
Q

How much of body weight is water?

A

50-60%

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2
Q

How much of the body is the ICF compartment and how much of the body is ECF?

A

70%; 30%

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3
Q

What variations determine body fluid needs in the body?

A
  • age
  • body fat
  • biological sex
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4
Q

What is meant by sensible?

A

urination + defication

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5
Q

What is meant by insensible?

A

sweat

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6
Q

What are the cations?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Hydrogen
  • Magnesium
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7
Q

What are the anions?

A
  • Chloride
  • Bicarbonate
  • Phosphate
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8
Q

What are non-electrolytes?

A
  • Urea

- Glucose

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9
Q

How does gases enter or leave a cell?

A

by diffusion

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10
Q

How does water enter or leave a cell?

A

by osmosis

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11
Q

How does glucose, amino acids and salts enter or leave a cell?

A

by active transport

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12
Q

What two processes are passive, requiring no ATP?

A

osmosis and diffusion

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13
Q

This regulation requires energy and ATP against a concentration gradient:

A

active transport

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14
Q

This regulation passes through a permeable membrane from a higher to lower pressure gradient:

A

capillary filtration

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15
Q

What is a buffer?

A

solutions that contain a weak acid and conjugate base

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16
Q

What is the main organ utilized in a buffer?

A

the kidneys

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17
Q

What organ systems regulate hydrogen ions?

A

the respiratory and renal systems

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18
Q

What is hypovolemia (dehydration)?

A

when you have less blood running through the veins; loss of water and solutes in ECF

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19
Q

Who is at risk for experiencing hypovolemia?

A
  • children
  • elderly
  • ill
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20
Q

What is the different levels of severity for hypovolemia?

A
  • Pronounced 5%
  • Severe 8%
  • Life-threatening 15%
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21
Q

What is third space shift?

A

fluid is stuck in the ECF so its not running through the veins but is collecting in the transcellular space (they are dehydrated but have fluid built up)

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22
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

Intravascular compartments and interstitial spaces have a overload of blood

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23
Q

What is perinsitis?

A

a local anesthetic to get fluid out

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24
Q

What is 0+ edema classified as?

A

non-pitting edema that is 0mm

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25
Q

What is 1+ edema classified as?

A

mild pitting edema that is 2mm and disappears rapidly

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26
Q

What is 2+ edema classified as?

A

moderate pitting edema that is 4mm and disappears in 10-15 seconds

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27
Q

What is 3+ edema classified as?

A

moderately severe edema that is 6mm and a depression that last more than 1 minute

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28
Q

What is 4+ edema classified as?

A

severe pitting edema that is 8mm and the depression last more than 2 minutes

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29
Q

What should be the first attempt to regain F&E balance?

A

the diet (try changing diet before giving F&E via IV which would be the fastest route if too much has been lost)

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30
Q

What is the cause of hyponatremia?

A
  • Loss of Na or gain of water

- Fluid Swift Extracellular to intracellular causing, swelling

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31
Q

What are the s/sx of hyponatremia?

A

Confusion hypotension, edema, muscle cramps & weakness, and dry skin

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32
Q

What is considered severe hyponatremia?

A

Serum sodium less than 115mEq/L

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33
Q

What are the s/sx of severe hyponatremia?

A

Increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis and seizures***…death

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34
Q

What is the cause of hypernatremia?

A
  • Excess water loss or excess sodium

- Swift of fluids from the cell causing them to shrink

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35
Q

What are the s/sx of hypernatremia?

A
  • Neurological Impairment

- Children – Permanent brain damage

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36
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

A

vomiting, suction, alkalosis, diarrhea (laxatives), diuretics

37
Q

What are the s/sx of hypokalemia?

A

Muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, parathesias, and dysrhythmias***

38
Q

What is the cause of hyperkalemia?

A

Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, or medications

39
Q

What are the s/sx of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Poor nerve conduction and muscle contractility
  • Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis
  • Dysrhythmias and Cardiac arrest
40
Q

What is the cause of hypocalcemia?

A

Decreased intake, poor absorption, excessive loss

41
Q

What are the s/sx of hypocalcemia?

A

Numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth, or & feet, and seizures

42
Q

What is the cause of hypercalcemia?

A

Cancer and Hyperparathyroidism

43
Q

What are some s/sx of hypercalcemia?

A

bone pain, excessive urination, constipation & slurred speech

44
Q

What is the cause of hypomagnesemia?

A

alcohol withdrawal, tube feedings & parental nutrition, sepsis, and burns

45
Q

What are some s/sx of hypomagnesemia?

A

tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, & respiratory paralysis

46
Q

What is the cause of hypermagnesemia?

A

renal failure

47
Q

What are the s/sx of hypermagnesemia?

A

loss of DTRs, resp depression, coma, & cardiac arrest

48
Q

What is the cause of hypophosphatemia?

A

Administration of calories, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperventilation, insulin release,

49
Q

What are the s/sx of hypophosphatemia?

A

Irritability, fatigue, weakness, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, and coma

50
Q

What is the cause of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Impaired kidney excretion and Hypoparathyroidism***

51
Q

What are the s/sx of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Tetany, anorexia, and tachycardia

52
Q

What is the cause of hypochloremia?

A

gastric tube drainage***, metabolic acidosis

53
Q

What are the s/sx of hypochloremia?

A

Hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness & muscle cramps

54
Q

What is the cause of hyperchloremia?

A

Metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased sweating, excess adrenocortical hormone, and decreased glomerular filtration

55
Q

What are the s/sx of hyperchloremia?

A

Tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma

56
Q

What organ is responsible for sodium bicarbonate?

A

the kidneys

57
Q

What organ is responsible for carbonic acid?

58
Q

What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?

A

sodium bicarbonate

59
Q

What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis?

A

fluid and electrolytes

60
Q

What condition presents with a higher level of CO2?

61
Q

What is the treatment for respiratory acidosis?

A

a bronchodilator

62
Q

What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?

A

fluid and electrolytes

63
Q

What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

Alveolar Hypoventilation

64
Q

What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Alveolar Hyperventilation

65
Q

What should always be taken and monitored in patients with F&E imbalance?

A

I/O (may not always balance out)

66
Q

When/how should daily weights be taken?

A

in the morning at the same time and in the same clothing

67
Q

Where should the fluid balance be maintained?

A

at 2,500ml I&O over 3 days

68
Q

All IV fluid therapy should be done using what technique?

A

the sterile technique

69
Q

How should IVs be placed?

A
  • do not place in dominant arm
  • choose most distal site as possible
  • you can always go up on the arm but never lower on the arm
70
Q

What are the different types of vascular access devices?

A
  • Peripheral venous catheters
  • Midline peripheral catheters
  • Central venous catheters
71
Q

This IV solution will cause the cell to shrink and edema:

A

hypertonic solution

72
Q

This IV solution will cause the cell to swell and dehydration?

A

hypotonic solution

73
Q

What are the rules when giving blood products?

A
  • two nurse check
    > if a home RN, another responsible adult must be present
  • type and cross check
  • vitals signs should be rechecked in 15 minutes after starting the transfusion
  • the infusion must start within 30 minutes
  • infusion unit must be completed within 4 hours or discarded because after 4 hours the blood will start to clot
74
Q

An adult IV catheter is what size?

75
Q

An adult rapid infusion catheter is what size?

76
Q

If a patients temperature rises over 100 F(38C) during a blood transfusion, what should you do?

A

stop the transfusion ASAP

77
Q

An acute adverse reaction to a blood transfusion can occur within?

78
Q

An delayed adverse reaction to a blood transfusion can occur within?

A

1 day to several days

79
Q

What are the different types of parenteral nutritions?

A
  • central parental nutrition (central line)

- peripheral central parenteral nutrition (PICC line)

80
Q

Who can benefit from parental nutrition?

A

Patients who:

  • have nonfunctional GI tracts
  • are comatose
  • have high caloric needs
  • are on aggressive cancer therapy
  • have burns, surgery, sepsis, or multiple fractures
81
Q

What are some complications of parental nutrition?

A
  • Catheter-related infection

- Electrolyte imbalances

82
Q

This parental nutrition is expensive ($1k-$1500k/bag) but contains everything the patient needs:

83
Q

What are the normal lab values for potassium?

84
Q

What are the normal lab values for magnesium?

85
Q

What are the normal lab values for calcium?

86
Q

What are the normal lab values for phosphorus?

87
Q

What are the normal lab values for chloride?

88
Q

What are the ABGs?

A 
pH = 7.35-7.45
pCO2 = 35-45
HCO3 = 22-26
pO2 = 80-100
89
Q

What is the normal range for Hct? What is the normal range for Hgb?

A

36%-52%; 12-17

ADULT 1 (9 decks)

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